Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce

Issue/Solution Paper Youthful Marrige Equals Divorce America is by and by in a period where individuals sue others for rediculous reasons, find obsurd motivations to go to court, and the greatest court insurgency is separate. Separation is getting more typical in today’s world than any time in recent memory and is either parting homes or destroying individuals monetarily. It is by a long shot perhaps the most serious issue in our nation in the cutting edge time. Numerous individuals in today’s society wed at an extremely youthful age. They will in general do this in light of the fact that it is possible that they were secondary school darlings or they have had a kid together. In doing as such, there is a high separation rate for individuals younger than 25 years of age in the United States. â€Å"40-half is a number projection for more youthful people wedding for the first time† (divorcereform.org). Individuals younger than 25 are said to have a separation pace of about 45% as indicated by the U.S. Evaluation Beaurea in the year 2002. â€Å"Approximately 31% of companions and collaborators, matured 35 to 54, who are hitched, drawn in, or cohabitating have just been beforehand divorced† (divorcereform.org). This satement shows that around 33% of Americans separate at an early age and remarry when they are progressively full grown. Insights likewise show that in the event that two individuals have been hitched for progress ively, at that point 15 years, the odds of separation are practically nothing, about 3%. A youthful couple wedding just because today has a lifetime separate from danger of 40%, another measurement indicating that there is an absence of development in youthful couples who wed early. Numerous couples wed at a youthful age just for the explanation of having a child either unintentionally or maybe not knowing the results and monetary battle they will persevere. The administration right currently doesn't have an answer for the high separation rate that is contaminating America. Since individuals at a youthful age are juvenile and have not encountered the world absolutely, treachery is a major factor in various separations. Economi... Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce Issue/Solution Paper Youthful Marrige Equals Divorce America is by and by in a period where individuals sue others for rediculous reasons, find obsurd motivations to go to court, and the greatest court upheaval is separate. Separation is getting more typical in today’s world than any time in recent memory and is either parting homes or demolishing individuals monetarily. It is by a wide margin perhaps the most serious issue in our nation in the cutting edge period. Numerous individuals in today’s society wed at an exceptionally youthful age. They will in general do this in light of the fact that it is possible that they were secondary school darlings or they have had a kid together. In doing as such, there is an extremely high separation rate for individuals younger than 25 years of age in the United States. â€Å"40-half is a number projection for more youthful people wedding for the first time† (divorcereform.org). Individuals younger than 25 are said to have a separation pace of about 45% as indicated by the U.S. Registration Beaurea in the year 2002. â€Å"Approximately 31% of companions and associates, matured 35 to 54, who are hitched, connected with, or cohabitating have just been already divorced† (divorcereform.org). This satement shows that around 33% of Americans separate at an early age and remarry when they are increasingly developed. Measurements likewise show that on the off chance that two individuals have b een hitched for increasingly, at that point 15 years, the odds of separation are pretty much nothing, about 3%. A youthful couple wedding just because today has a lifetime separate from danger of 40%, another measurement demonstrating that there is an absence of development in youthful couples who wed early. Numerous couples wed at a youthful age just for the explanation of having a child either unintentionally or maybe not knowing the results and financial battle they will persevere. The administration right presently doesn't have an answer for the high separation rate that is tainting America. Since individuals at a youthful age are juvenile and have not encountered the world absolutely, treachery is a major factor in various separations. Economi...

Headaches: The Leading Cause for Missing School and Work

We all experience the ill effects of a periodic migraine; indeed, 20 million Americans see their primary care physicians every year in view of cerebral pains. Migraines are likewise the main source for missing school and work in this nation. There are a wide range of sorts of migraines going from simply standard agony, to torment related with a confusion or genuine ailment. I†d like to examine the most exceedingly awful kind of migraine. The sort of cerebral pain I†d like to talk about, the Migraine, albeit extraordinary in its agony, isn't related with an ailment or injury. The Migraine is a common pulsating cerebral pain, influencing just one side of the head and regularly joined by numerous side effects. Albeit numerous individuals utilize the word â€Å"Migraine† to portray any extreme cerebral pain, this isn't right. Headaches are a particular cerebral pain brought about by changes in the veins that flexibly the cerebrum. Ordinarily, Migraines become less successive with expanding age and are moderately extraordinary after the age of 50. In the wake of meeting my grandma, who is a unique case Migraine victim, she revealed to me that her Migraines started when she was seven. Frequently in school she would have the exemplary headache manifestations she would see just 50% of her instructor and splendid lights and flashes as long as 20 minutes before her Migraine started. These manifestations are called airs and once they are gone the Migraine starts. The Migraine itself can prompt retching, slurred discourse, causes the victim delicate to light to and intensifies when there is a ton of commotion. The system isn't totally seen, yet numerous ladies have their most serious assaults during or not long before their menstrual period. This is as far as anyone knows because of the hormonal unevenness during that time. Anyway, what would we be able to do to forestall Migraines? Since Migraine cerebral pains can repeat for quite a long time and medicine may prompt reactions and bounce back migraines anticipation is the key viewpoint in the administration of headaches. Give close consideration to your eating regimen. Check whether evading certain nourishments can forestall a headache. The three C†s-Cheese, chocolate and citrus are the most widely recognized nourishments which trigger headaches. I†d like to examine rest propensities. While it†s imperative to get enough rest, abstain from sleeping late also. It†s best to hit the hay and get up at about a similar time every day, since this assists with managing and balance out the brain†s significant organic timekeepers. To compensate for loss of rest following a late night, rest or snooze later in the day if essential. Has anybody at any point perused the elements of Excedrin? Well on the off chance that you have you†d have seen that Excedrin†s three dynamic fixings are: Acetaminophen (which is Tylenol), Asprin and shockingly enough, Caffeine. I recall a day a year ago around the time that we had finals, when my sister, I†m not simply accusing her, it was actually her issue, purchased these pills named Vivavrin. When I took one of these pills my head started to pulsate and I, who have a long family ancestry of headaches, got one. Presently, if Caffeine triggers Migraines, for what reason would a Migraine medication contain Caffeine to ease them? Caffeine is an energizer and can accelerate the heart, raise circulatory strain and meddle with unwinding. Caffeine is certainly not something to be thankful for to take when you don†t have a cerebral pain. For some odd reason, when a cerebral pain has started, Caffeine can be useful. This is on the grounds that Caffeine is an adjuvant-it upgrades and revives the impacts of torment medication. That is the reason it is added to numerous over-the-counter prescriptions including Excedrin to treat cerebral pain torment. To finish up, an individual must give close consideration to his life form. With the main side effects of an extreme migraine, it is ideal to counsel a specialist who will lead tests and build up a substantial purpose behind the agony.

Success Story Event Management with MeisterTask - Focus

Success Story Event Management with MeisterTask - Focus Wedding days can be pretty high-pressure. Couples have often planned their big day for months or even years beforehand, refining minute details down to a T, working out which long lost aunties really warrant an invite and often forking out mega bucks, all to make their wedding day completely and utterly perfect. So, being a part of implementing this vision can be quite a lot on your shoulders. Anyone involved in wedding event management needs to be compassionate, diligent and super well organized. Interview with Wedding Business Owner, Martina Lundborg: Recently we sat down with Martina Lundborg, Wedding photographer from Gothenburg Sweden, to speak about how she manages to deal with (and actually enjoy) being an essential part of a couple’s big event. Martina takes us through how she prepares for, implements and follows-up with weddings, within her photography business. Martina â€" could you tell us a little about your business? Well, I’m a wedding and boudoir photographer based in Gothenburg, Sweden, and I’ve been shooting weddings since 2008. I mostly shoot locally, although I’ve travelled all over Sweden and Norway for events and I’ve been lucky enough to even shoot a wedding in Australia. Wedding photography is my part-time job, as weddings in Sweden are very seasonal. About 50,000 people get married every year and 45% of these couples get married in June, July or August. This means that the wedding photography business is very concentrated during the summer, and very low during the winter, when I focus primarily on my other role as a Marketing Assistant. What’s it like being part of a couple’s big day? My mission is to create memories that last a lifetime, hopefully, more. To be a part of a couple’s wedding day is a huge responsibility, but I love it. On the day itself, there’s a lot of action going on and a lot of things to remember. I use MeisterTask to plan for this, creating Project Boards for client management and project management. Over the summer, weddings must be pretty much back-to-back â€" how do you handle that? It’s pretty busy. A lot of work goes into trying to organize myself for the upcoming wedding season and managing projects concurrently, over the summer months themselves. In my Client Management Project in MeisterTask, I have one Project Board for this year’s booked weddings. The tasks for the weddings are divided into four sections:                From request to engagement photo                Preparations before the day                Packing the camera bag                The after work I can then create a task per couple so I’m able to move their task across the Project Board and ensure everything on the day itself goes to plan. Discover efficient project management Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask Have you ever had any event management nightmares on Wedding days? Not nightmares but I have forgotten small but essential things, like chocolate or water, which I need to keep going. To avoid this happening again I now have a camera bag checklist ready in MeisterTask, which I include in every wedding task. It’s always a risk when having one list, or just everything in your head, that you might forget something. I reduce this risk a lot by adding a new packing list for every couple, which I can tailor and double-check through the night before. I can keep adding things to the checklist that I usually forget the day before (like extra shoes, or cell phone charger), things that are great to have during the day but aren’t essential to get the job done. After 12+ hours of shooting non-stop, changing shoes is one of the best things that you can do. Do you take any other steps to make sure you’re properly prepared? Within MeisterTask, I use the tagging, due dates and attachment features. Depending on the chosen package, price and hours, I use different tags to filter my events. For example, I offer special deals at certain times of the year so I have tags to reflect this in the relevant tasks. I then use due dates to set myself reminders, e.g. to book a certain aspect by a set date.  To embed all relevant files within their respective tasks, e.g. a wedding venue floor plan, I attach documents and specifications using the Dropbox integration. How do you keep busy outside of Wedding season? All year round, I work as a marketing assistant for a Swedish company selling products around the world. I’ve recently started using MeisterTask in that capacity too, introducing the task management tool to the rest of our team. This position is divided between the US and Sweden, so MeisterTasks  collaborative functions like the commenting feature and assigning tasks, make it much simpler to work across locations. Within the marketing and sales teams, we use G Suite alongside MeisterTask, for similar collaborative reasons. Using Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, Gmail, Hangouts and Calendar, we can all remain on the same page, regardless of where we’re based. With MeisterTask we particularly use the Google Drive attachment feature, ensuring that each task has all the information we need to proceed. In addition to shooting weddings, I’m also a portrait photographer. Lots of women have portraits taken for their partners as gifts, but the real aim is to make them feel confident and happy in their own skin. I also keep busy planning out my dreams for this year and next. For this, I have a MeisterTask Project for personal projects, listing all of my dreams and ideas. My ‘Dreams for 2018’ project includes what I’d like to get done and importantly, the steps I need to take to achieve this. This gives me a great space to note down ideas, whenever they pop into my head, whether at home or on the move, and keeps me focused on my goals. How does MeisterTask work for you, as a creative person? There’s just so much about it that makes work easier for me. I’m an organizer, but at the same time, being the creative type, I couldn’t really find a solution that I stuck to. I tried Excel spreadsheets, paper calendars, the calendar in my iPhone, notes on my iPhone, all of them combined! But I struggled a lot with both design and function. I’d tried Trello too but hadn’t got into the right workflow as I didn’t get along with the design, which affects my workflow a lot. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! So when I found MeisterTask and realized that it pretty much combines everything I needed, I was fixed. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! All of this is great for business and using the desktop application and the focus feature on tasks, I keep focused on work and undistracted from other browser tabs. Even when I’m away from my laptop, I can still do everything from my phone with the iOS app. As a result, I don’t miss out on anything because I haven’t got my calendar on me and if I get a request from a couple, I can check availability directly, give them an accurate answer and have them set up as a client within a couple of minutes. What are the next steps for your business? I’ve always worked alone as a Wedding photographer but I’m starting to get involved with projects that involve cooperating more with other photographers in Sweden â€" projects that I would never have considered  since the management would take too much time. However, since I’ve worked out a much better workflow with MeisterTask, although it sounds cliché, anything now feels possible! Huge thanks to Martina Lundborg for sharing her story and workflows with us. You can get in touch with Martina about her photography services, via her website: www.martinalundborg.se Project management made simple Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask Success Story Event Management with MeisterTask - Focus Wedding days can be pretty high-pressure. Couples have often planned their big day for months or even years beforehand, refining minute details down to a T, working out which long lost aunties really warrant an invite and often forking out mega bucks, all to make their wedding day completely and utterly perfect. So, being a part of implementing this vision can be quite a lot on your shoulders. Anyone involved in wedding event management needs to be compassionate, diligent and super well organized. Interview with Wedding Business Owner, Martina Lundborg: Recently we sat down with Martina Lundborg, Wedding photographer from Gothenburg Sweden, to speak about how she manages to deal with (and actually enjoy) being an essential part of a couple’s big event. Martina takes us through how she prepares for, implements and follows-up with weddings, within her photography business. Martina â€" could you tell us a little about your business? Well, I’m a wedding and boudoir photographer based in Gothenburg, Sweden, and I’ve been shooting weddings since 2008. I mostly shoot locally, although I’ve travelled all over Sweden and Norway for events and I’ve been lucky enough to even shoot a wedding in Australia. Wedding photography is my part-time job, as weddings in Sweden are very seasonal. About 50,000 people get married every year and 45% of these couples get married in June, July or August. This means that the wedding photography business is very concentrated during the summer, and very low during the winter, when I focus primarily on my other role as a Marketing Assistant. What’s it like being part of a couple’s big day? My mission is to create memories that last a lifetime, hopefully, more. To be a part of a couple’s wedding day is a huge responsibility, but I love it. On the day itself, there’s a lot of action going on and a lot of things to remember. I use MeisterTask to plan for this, creating Project Boards for client management and project management. Over the summer, weddings must be pretty much back-to-back â€" how do you handle that? It’s pretty busy. A lot of work goes into trying to organize myself for the upcoming wedding season and managing projects concurrently, over the summer months themselves. In my Client Management Project in MeisterTask, I have one Project Board for this year’s booked weddings. The tasks for the weddings are divided into four sections:                From request to engagement photo                Preparations before the day                Packing the camera bag                The after work I can then create a task per couple so I’m able to move their task across the Project Board and ensure everything on the day itself goes to plan. Discover efficient project management Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask Have you ever had any event management nightmares on Wedding days? Not nightmares but I have forgotten small but essential things, like chocolate or water, which I need to keep going. To avoid this happening again I now have a camera bag checklist ready in MeisterTask, which I include in every wedding task. It’s always a risk when having one list, or just everything in your head, that you might forget something. I reduce this risk a lot by adding a new packing list for every couple, which I can tailor and double-check through the night before. I can keep adding things to the checklist that I usually forget the day before (like extra shoes, or cell phone charger), things that are great to have during the day but aren’t essential to get the job done. After 12+ hours of shooting non-stop, changing shoes is one of the best things that you can do. Do you take any other steps to make sure you’re properly prepared? Within MeisterTask, I use the tagging, due dates and attachment features. Depending on the chosen package, price and hours, I use different tags to filter my events. For example, I offer special deals at certain times of the year so I have tags to reflect this in the relevant tasks. I then use due dates to set myself reminders, e.g. to book a certain aspect by a set date.  To embed all relevant files within their respective tasks, e.g. a wedding venue floor plan, I attach documents and specifications using the Dropbox integration. How do you keep busy outside of Wedding season? All year round, I work as a marketing assistant for a Swedish company selling products around the world. I’ve recently started using MeisterTask in that capacity too, introducing the task management tool to the rest of our team. This position is divided between the US and Sweden, so MeisterTasks  collaborative functions like the commenting feature and assigning tasks, make it much simpler to work across locations. Within the marketing and sales teams, we use G Suite alongside MeisterTask, for similar collaborative reasons. Using Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, Gmail, Hangouts and Calendar, we can all remain on the same page, regardless of where we’re based. With MeisterTask we particularly use the Google Drive attachment feature, ensuring that each task has all the information we need to proceed. In addition to shooting weddings, I’m also a portrait photographer. Lots of women have portraits taken for their partners as gifts, but the real aim is to make them feel confident and happy in their own skin. I also keep busy planning out my dreams for this year and next. For this, I have a MeisterTask Project for personal projects, listing all of my dreams and ideas. My ‘Dreams for 2018’ project includes what I’d like to get done and importantly, the steps I need to take to achieve this. This gives me a great space to note down ideas, whenever they pop into my head, whether at home or on the move, and keeps me focused on my goals. How does MeisterTask work for you, as a creative person? There’s just so much about it that makes work easier for me. I’m an organizer, but at the same time, being the creative type, I couldn’t really find a solution that I stuck to. I tried Excel spreadsheets, paper calendars, the calendar in my iPhone, notes on my iPhone, all of them combined! But I struggled a lot with both design and function. I’d tried Trello too but hadn’t got into the right workflow as I didn’t get along with the design, which affects my workflow a lot. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! So when I found MeisterTask and realized that it pretty much combines everything I needed, I was fixed. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! All of this is great for business and using the desktop application and the focus feature on tasks, I keep focused on work and undistracted from other browser tabs. Even when I’m away from my laptop, I can still do everything from my phone with the iOS app. As a result, I don’t miss out on anything because I haven’t got my calendar on me and if I get a request from a couple, I can check availability directly, give them an accurate answer and have them set up as a client within a couple of minutes. What are the next steps for your business? I’ve always worked alone as a Wedding photographer but I’m starting to get involved with projects that involve cooperating more with other photographers in Sweden â€" projects that I would never have considered  since the management would take too much time. However, since I’ve worked out a much better workflow with MeisterTask, although it sounds cliché, anything now feels possible! Huge thanks to Martina Lundborg for sharing her story and workflows with us. You can get in touch with Martina about her photography services, via her website: www.martinalundborg.se Project management made simple Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask

Impact Of A Mediated Society On Society - 1735 Words

Impact of a Mediated Society Mass media has a direct and enormous affect on the current society from pop culture gossip to education among schools. The media is not only present in the environment but goes to lengths to control and dictate the feelings and perceptions of the current generation. Given that technology constantly reaches kids at younger ages, the prevalent existence influences children at younger years as time passes. Living in a highly mediated society shapes the way people see themselves by setting unrealistic expectations for themselves in terms of achieving ‘perfection.’ In addition, the mediated society affects how people see each other. The media is always feeding the public the next ‘cool factor,’ and expects people†¦show more content†¦It changes the way we see ourselves, each other, and the way our lives are organized. One could argue that there are both positive and negative aspects to living in a highly mediated society. The first is that this current generation of media and technology gives an individual unbelievable access to knowledge and information. With just the click of a button, children, students, and adults can use countless search engines to view news articles and books. News reporting has evolved onto the internet with email subscriptions such as â€Å"The Skimm.† This subscription sends emails every weekday morning with current event, political, economic, and social updates. In addition, the media is also saturated with gossip columns that inform the public about current pop-culture topics such as the black and blue vs. white and gold dress scenario. This idea all started with a woman taking a picture of her dress and posting it on social media. In addition, one image was posted on the internet which started the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement. All in all, the technology that has evolved throughout the years not only is able to inform the public but can be looked at as a positive aspect of mass media . Ideas like these keep an individual not only informed, but educated. According to social activist and author, Bell Hooks, â€Å"pop-culture is where the learning is.† Without media and technology, would students be eager to read the newspaper, probably not. On the contrary to the

Restrictions on Free Speech in Malaysia - 2182 Words

Protecting Free Speech, by using Restrictions? It is undeniable that the citizens of Malaysia have been granted the freedom of speech, assembly and association, as stated in the Act 10 of the Federal Constitution. Quoted from the Federal Constitution, every citizen has the right to free expression and speech. However, freedom of speech is an issue which has been discussed and argued for a long time, not only in Malaysia but all around the world. It is discussed that how â€Å"free† a speech can be. Does freedom of speech mean that we can simply talk something bad about the ruler without any evidence? Liberty (2014) defines that the freedom of speech includes the right of every citizen in communicating and expressing in any medium, holding opinions, receiving information ideas and participating in demonstration and protest without the interference of the country or government. Although by judging solely from the definition, political expression which covers the matters of public interest seems acceptable, it is undeniable that under the Act 10 of the Federal Constitution, clause 2 has stated that the parliament can impose law to restrict the freedom of speech. Such restrictions are said to protect the security of Malaysia, privileges of Parliament and the public order. Besides, Art 10 (4) also stated that the law can restrict the questioning of any matter, status, privilege and sovereignty. InterNations (2014) has also explained that there are also limitations of civil freedomsShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Singapore And Malaysia Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesSingapore and Malaysia (henceforth referred to as DRC), are facing similar problems in their countries, although they are at different level of development. Singapore is ranked as world’s top 10 wealthiest countries, from rapid development since the late 1950s. 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Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management Free Essays

string(136) " many people soon left their line jobs, because of the unpleasant monotony of the work and the repeated increases in production quotas\." Fordism and Scientific Management are terms used to describe management that had application to practical situations with extremely dramatic effects. Fordism takes its name from the mass production units of Henry Ford, and is identified by an involved technical division of labour within companies and their production units. Other characteristics of Fordism include strong hierarchical control, with workers in a production line often restricted to the one single task, usually specialised and unskilled. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scientific management, on the other hand, â€Å"originated† through Fredrick Winslow Taylor in 1911, and in very basic terms described the one best way work could be done and that the best way to improve output was to improve the techniques or methods used by the workers. (Robbins p. 38) Many comparisons can be made between the two theories, such as the mechanisation, fragmentation and specialisation of work and that a lack of intellectual or skilled content will speed up the work at hand. Fordism’s mechanisation of mass production further emphasised many of Taylor†s popular beliefs about management being divorced from human affairs and emotions, using ‘humans as instruments or machines to be manipulated by their leaders† (Hersey p. 84). Fordism fused and emphasised the scientific methods to get things done by Ford†s successful mass-production processes. Contrasts also exist between the two theories. Fordism dehumanisied the worker whereas scientific management convinced the workers that their goals could be readily achieved along with their employers goals, therefore they should all work together in this direction. Fordism suited industrial companies participating in mass production, whereas Scientific Management could be used in many types of organisation. Large companies such as Ford Motors, The Reichskuratorium fur Wirtschaftkichkeit (RKW) in Germany examples these theories in practice. These theories of the past are lessons for the way modern organisations are run today. Managers now realise that they should treat their workers more democratically and since the mid-70†³s, sweeping changes in markets and technology have encouraged managers and manufacturers to use greater product diversity and more flexible methods of production. Movements towards a more flexible organisation have become apparent. Examples of orgainisations such as Nissan, NASA and Toyota serve as modern day examples of post-Fordism and depict movement towards a modified Scientific Management. Comparisons that can be made include Fordism’s mechanisation of mass production and Taylor†s attempts at using employees as machines. Taylor designed this using his principles of management that included developing a science for each element of work and finding the quickest way the job could be done. Henry Ford†s ideal types of Fordist production system included using fixed and dedicated machines in individuals work, rather than turning the employee into a machine. (Hollinshead 1995) With Taylor attempting to prove to the world that there was a science to management and that the quickest way was the best way, he attacked the incompetence of managers for their inefficiencies in running the railroads and factories. Using time and motion studies, Taylor achieved productivity increases of up to 200 per cent. (Dunphy, 1998, p. 4). His thoughts were echoed by others: during a 1910 Interstate Commerce Commission hearing, Louis D. Brandeis argued that US railroads could save a million dollars a day if they introduced scientific management into their operations (Oakes, 1996). Taylor showed the world that the methodical and scientific study of work could lead to improved efficiency. He believed that by defining clear guidelines for workers many improvements could be made to the production of goods. Fordism like Scientific Management in the newly mechanised industries of the early 20th century emphasised that efficiency came from precision in job design, clear division of responsibilities and tight policing of implementation (Taylor, 1911). Taylorism and Fordism were consistent with notions of the organisation as † a ‘military machine† first developed by Frederick the Great of Prussia, and later refined by Henri Fayol†. (Taplin, 1995, p. 430) Scientific Management encouraged firms to improve efficiency by analysing individual processes of industrial production and then recreating them to produce maximum output from any given size labor force. (Hudson, 1997) Ford’s production-line innovations compounded scientific management†s efficiencies into the economy. Taylor believed it would be best to scientifically select, train, teach and develop the workers. However, in contrast, Fordism was based on mass production using semi skilled workers who could be easily replaced. Fordism did not care for the workers to work as a team and to ‘Heartily co-operate †¦ to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of science† like Taylor†s ideas of scientific management did (Robbins,1997, p. 40). Although Fordism borrowed many scientific management ideas, it then advanced upon them to produce a new form of management that included management having hierarchical authority and technical control. Fordism enabled managers to regulate production and safeguard their own position within firms as well as meeting the efficiency criteria set by owners. The obvious efficiencies of Fordism and features that were responsible for the economic successes of this system, also caused problems. Fordism proved particularly suitable to manufacturing in a mass consumption economy, required only occasional innovation of new products and used machines that only made specific goods. Often, these were of low-quality, low-value, high-volume nature, and competition was price based. Low quality could easily become poor quality; workers were poorly motivated with resulting high labor turnover and absenteeism; and coordinating the flow of materials through production processes was difficult (Wood, 1993). Fordism led to massive increases in productivity in certain industries, but the human cost was significant. At one point Henry Ford’s assembly lines had an annual employee turnover of 380 per cent (Encarta, 1998). Fordism alienated workers and allowed no creativity. Where scientific management looked to divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers, Fordism was after minimum discretion between management and workers with fragmented work and minimal tasks for employees. Examining what happened at the Ford Motor Company supports these facts. In 1913 Ford began using monotonous assembly-line techniques in his plant. Although assembly-line techniques greatly increased productivity, many people soon left their line jobs, because of the unpleasant monotony of the work and the repeated increases in production quotas. You read "Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management" in category "Essay examples" This is something that contemporary management techniques have realised; it is beneficial for employees to become involved within their jobs and not expected to be machines. Ford partly overcame this problem by doubling the daily wage then standard in the industry with his famous offer of ‘$5 a day to workers who would put up with the alienated, regimented work conditions at Ford Motors† (Clark, 1997). One worker said, â€Å"You†ve got to work like hell at Ford†s†¦ You can†t let up. You†ve got to get out the production†¦ nd if you can†t get it out, you get out† (Rupert, 1997, p. 11) His results were increased stability in Fords labor force and a substantial reduction in operating costs. Then the Model T automobile was introduced in 1908. With the help of this model, Ford became America†s largest automobile producer and vendor. Nevertheless throughout the 1930s Ford began losing business to his competitors, mainly because they were slow introducing new models of automobiles every year. (Encarta, 1998) Scientific Management and Fordism created a new type of ‘revolution†. The promise of massive increases in productivity led to the following of Fords and Taylor†s models of management all over the world. Britain never had a scientific management movement like that in America, and the leading British engineering journals in the early 20th century revealed Taylorism receiving attention, much of it positive. Engineering became an unqualified supporter of scientific management, only The Engineer, a journal of engineering at the time, maintained sustained hostility to Taylorism declaring it was unfair and inhuman and not â€Å"sportsmanlike. The Engineer criticised the separation of workers thinking in their jobs from doing their jobs and described Taylorism as â€Å"scientific management gone mad. † (Whitson, 1997) Another organisation that followed both the American models of Taylor and Ford, was The Reichskuratorium fur Wirtschaftkichkeit (RKW) founded in 1921. This huge Berlin-based electro-technical and machine-constructing conglomerate strove to implement measures of industrial and organisational efficiency in Germany in the inter-war era. RKW†s aim was to â€Å"implement technical and organisational measures of industrial, and economic efficiency, an organization devoted to industry; efficiency, and production standardization. † (Shearer, 1997, p. 569) In modern times, firms have attempted to reconfigure work places and production systems using flat hierarchies and lean production systems in contrast to Scientific and Fordist management. Managers presume that these sorts of changes will enable firms to achieve flexibility, seen by many managers as essential to maintaining competitive advantage into and beyond the 21st Century. Flexible production systems opposing strict Fordist lines, made possible by these organisational changes and new technologies, permit shortened product development time. There is a new way of organising production and a departure from Fordism and all it contains. However, scientific management was used by Japanese automobile constructors in the 1970s when they began to compete using â€Å"fundamentally improved manufacturing processes that consistently produced vehicles of higher quality far faster than Detroit† (Oakes p. 569). Japan car manufacturers successfully decreased labour and production costs giving American Manufacturers a run for their money, Japans Toyota is an example that used Fordism as a base of new managerial processes. Another modern day example, which drew on these two management methods, was in space science. NASA developed a set of measures to assess if they were implementing their own strategies. NASA’s strategy, defined by the motto ‘cheaper, faster, better,† was to reduce the size and cost of space probes without eliminating any important missions. Figures show that the two missions to Mars launched in late 1996 were each one-fifth the real cost of previous Mars missions (under $200 million in 1996 dollars, as opposed to an average of $1 billion each for the previous eleven U. S. spacecraft launched for Mars)†. (Oakes, 1996, p. 589) Post-Fordism has been described as a â€Å"shift to the new information technologies;[a] more flexible, decentralized form of labour process and of targeting consumers by lifestyle taste and culture rather than by categories of social class†¦ as well as] a rise of the service and white-collar classes and the feminization of the workforce:† These are lessons managers have learnt and result in less rigidity and mechanisation and a reduction in the blue-collar masculine workforce. The firms that face the most difficulties in the new globalised marketplace are often those with labor intensive, standardised manufacturing processes. Companies emphasise that these new forms of work provide better jobs. For instance, Nissan projects an image of work as taking place in an empowering environment built around the themes of flexibility, quality and teamwork. In conclusion, both Fordism and Scientific Management share common themes yet also display some significant differences. They both encourage looking at the fastest way work can be completed and impose strict guidelines upon employees and their job descriptions. This has led to a great deal of dissatisfaction among employees in production lines with alienation and monotony of workers that encouraged a high turnover of employees at organisations that imposed these techniques. Henry Ford developed much of his conceptions upon Taylor†s ideas of scientific management. These theories imply that contemporary organisations and their managers should take into consideration the ideas of employees to avoid division. Managers today often see workers as multi-skilled and more involved in the process of production via teamwork, the reintegration of manual and mental labour, and the empowerment of production workers. Today†s mass production has seen technology wiping out many of the jobs once held by these employees. There is a movement towards a more flexible workplace in the wave of this new technology away from strict guidelines imposed upon workers and their job descriptions, they are now encouraged to learn about other areas of the workplace. Fordism and scientific management have greatly influenced our workplace today and their theories will continue to be built upon for years to come. How to cite Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management, Essay examples

1984 Essay Conclusion Example For Students

1984 Essay Conclusion Winston Smith, the main character, works in London, at the Ministry of Truth. London isa city in Airstrip One, a Province of Oceania. A government that goes by the name BigBrother has taken over the world. The Party with Big Brother as its leader rulesOceania, a state and one of the great powers of the world. Winston hates the life he livesunder the inflexible government and decides to write down his thoughts in a diary. Thisis considered a crime in Oceania and Winston knows that. And he knows one day he willbe discovered by the Thought Police. To keep the members of this party occupied, frequent two minute Hate Sessions areheld to accuse the enemies of the party such as Emmanuel Goldstein who questionedparty doctrines. Winston dreams of an pleasant country. A Golden country inwhich any form of expression is considered all right. The party discourages love,and makes any relationship with a party member impossible. Winston notices twopeople, OBrien a party leader, and a young girl by the name of Julia. Winston hatesJulia for being a part of The Party and yet he has an eye for her. She appears to be afaithful party member devoted to purity and Winston suspects that she may also be amember of the Thought Police. Winston shares his doubts about The Party with OBrien even though he realizedthat this may be very dangerous. The Parsons are Winstons neighbors. The Parsonchildren are members of the Spies, a party organization and Mr. Parson afellow employee is a dedicated party member who stupidly and blindly follows the partysdoctrine. Winston works at the Ministry of Truth. His assignment is the rewriting andfalsification of history so that it makes the party look better. Winston encounters Julia at work. She stumbles and when Winston tries to helpher she slips him a paper with I love you written on it. They have several encountersand finally manage to meet in privacy. Julia turns out to be a corrupt girl. They beginliving together. Winston and Julia visit OBrien and join the secret rebel Brotherhood. Except for the requirement to never see each other, they accept all terms of membership. Before long the fear that Winston had lived with for so long became a reality and theThought Police shows up at their house. The separate Winston and Julia. Winston isbeing held prisoner at the Ministry of Love. He finds out that OBrien has deceived him. Winston is tortured by OBrien in the infamous room 101 until he confesses to manycrimes he never committed. He is also being brain-washed so that he conforms to theparty doctrine. The ultimate torture is the use of rats that are caged and strapped over hisface to be released at any time. Winston had often dreamt of his mother and sister whowere eaten by rats. Once the Party is convinced that Winston is totally rehabilitated, he is set free. Hebegins drinking heavily. Nearing the end of the story, we are not quite sure whetherWinston has been brain-washed or not. Is he just pretending to have been completelycured by the Party or is he afraid to once again think of his thoughts of freedom? I believe George Orwell leaves the interpretation up to the reader. 1984 is afrightening novel. It gives the reader an a look into what might become of our world. Itlets us look at an ugly society where family and personal values are destroyed andreplaced by loyalty to Big Brother. BibliographynoneBo ok Reports

The portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola Doria by Peter Paul Rubens

Essay about Eastern Market field research

Essay about Eastern Market field research Essay about Eastern Market field research Annabelle Le His 211 field research paper Fall 2011 Eastern Market Among the historical sites in Washington D.C, Eastern Market is unique. It is not a monument which is unchanged and does not have any interactions with humans or a museum which is also a public place, but the activities are so limited. Eastern Market’s history reflects the trends in the history of D.C as well as the United States. Its history does not stop from its dedication, and will not only list the different renovations it has endured. The history of Eastern Market is told and is written by the people involve with it. Eastern Market has long been a core element in Capitol Hill – the historic district. It is situated at 225 7th street SE, close to C street SE and across from the Eastern Market Metro Station. The Market was built in 1873, basing on the design of Adolf Cluss. The Market has stood tall since the day it was constructed and its history of survival granted it the title of the oldest continuously operating food market in Washington D.C. Initially, the Market consisted of only the South Hall; afterwards, in 1908, the Center and North Halls were erected. These halls were designed by the Inspector of Buildings of D.C.’s Office of Public Works Snowdon Ashford (Holwill). In 1964, Eastern Market became a D.C Historic Landmark and in 1971 it was given a place on the National Register of Historic Places (Holwill). Eastern Market opens every day except Monday. There is also the Flea Market at Eastern Market which operates on Saturdays and Sundays from 10 a.m to 5 p.m. and the Farmer s Market at Eastern Market which opens every Saturday and Sunday from 7 a.m to 5 p.m year-round. Eastern Market has long been considered the heart of Capitol Hill neighborhood, however not all of the shoppers are from around the area. The Market also attracts many people from other parts of D.C as well as tourists. It is accessible by the metro system or any types of transportation though parking can prove difficult during weekend. Inside the historic building, there are 14 vendors (â€Å"Indoor merchants†) selling a variety of products including fruits, flowers, fish, beef, pork, lamb, poultry, pasta, pastry, sausages, etc. Many of the stores have been operating business in the Market for a long time like Calomiris Fruits and Vegetables and Union Meat Company, LLC. Not all of the products in the Market are brought straight from farms, however. There are also strawberries from Giant and Driscoll’s blueberries. Outside, the farmers market offers fresh fruits, vegetables , sauces, cheese as well as homemade soap, and a variety of handicrafts, ranging from jewelry to toys, pictures, quilt, with jewelry being the most prevalent product. Another specialty of the Farmers Market at Eastern Market is the food stands. The line at the crepes stand is always the longest, but one can also choose to enjoy other kinds of food that can be identified with the Market including gumbo, pretzels, and tiny donuts. On a nice Saturday or Sunday, there are always sights of families with kids or dogs strolling from stand to stand in the farmers market. A little further West is the Flea Market at Eastern Market, situated in the Hine School yard at 7th and C streets SE (â€Å"Welcome†). This flea market is one of the largest in the whole nation, hosting â€Å"up to 100 exhibitors from five continents† (â€Å"Welcome†). In the flea market, one can find a plethora of products from pottery to posters, from apparels to carpets as well as different types of antiques, collectibles, jewelry, etc. Street music performers entertain the shoppers with playful tunes played by the African drums, the violins or maybe the saxophone. It is hard to deny the fun at Eastern Market, especially on weekend. Pierre L’Enfant’s plan for the District of Columbia involved three public markets – Center, Western and Eastern. The first Eastern Market at 7th and L street SE was approved by President Thomas Jefferson in

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Annotated Bibliography Example Barry’s article analyzes both arguments for and against the issue of gay marriage. The article aims is at providing a better understanding to the world before giving a summary of his opinion. Barry defines gay marriage as marriage between two people with the same gender identity. According to Barry (260), those in support of the gay marriage view the arrangement as marriage of equality. Proponents of gay marriage believe that this union should be of little concern to an individual as the case of heterosexual marriage. Therefore, gay couples should be allowed to celebrate their union in public just like normal couples. On the contrary, those opposed to gay marriage argue that, since time in memorial, marriage institution has always been defined as between two people of different sex. That is man and woman. In addition, marriage is about procreation and bringing up of the children within a family. According to Gale, Equal Marriage is dated back in 2001 when Joe and Kevin Bourassa married in Toronto Metropolitan Church. Thereafter, the two proceeded to court seeking the states recognition of their marriage right. This article provides an alternate point of view of gay marriage. According to Gale, the Ohio court instituted a right to same sex. Therefore, no state within U.S. should treat gay marriage as illegal. Despite the struggles in both political and legal field, we should know the world still discriminates the gay family. However, members of gay family have inner strength, resilience, and wisdom. These qualities help them develop unique ways in which they conduct their relationship. Nagle outlines his understanding on this hotly debated topic of gay marriages. As a rule of democracy, Nagle explains that every member of the society is entitled to his/her rights, expression, association, and opinions. He refers to the statement by the Prime- Minister who on his part hinted that gay marriage is not a matter of ‘if’ but

Review on Promotional Material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review on Promotional Material - Essay Example The project envisages stage-wise development of Cassava crop cultivation, storage and marketing, and ultimately converting to bio-ethanol for international markets by establishing production facility locally. The project aims to introduce bio-fuel processing as a new type of industry in PNG by commercialising the Cassava crop as the main feedstock for the bio-fuel production, and to establish a base for manufacturing of raw ethanol for export to South Korea. The project requires acquisition of land for development of large scale Cassava plantations where Cassava tubers will be harvested, cut into pellets, dried and used as raw materials to produce bio-ethanol or bio-fuel as well as other by products. The project is fully supported by the government of PNG. A memorandum of agreement (MOA) was signed in 2005 between the State and the developer, Changhae International Cooperation of Korea. The State’s agencies secured their participation and monitoring authority through a Public/Private Partnership arrangement. As custodians, the government agencies ensure adherence to compliance issues. The PNG government sees this as an important agro-economy project. Bio-fuels can play a stimulating role in modernizing the domestic agricultural production and marketing. Production of bio-fuel from crops such as Cassava helps local farmers to increase farming revenues or expand the productive capacity of existing land. (i) Development of large-scale cassava estates, encouraging local farmers to form cooperative groups and take part in the company’s out-grower program. The estates will occupy a total land area of between 6,000 to 20,000 hectares (ha) of either State or private lands. Small scale plantations or out-growers development will cover any land below 6,000 hectares. The out-growers scheme will be in three categories – (a) contracted out-growers with a minimum of 5,000 ha land (b) non-contracted out-growers with 1-49 ha land and

Entomotoxicology in Forensic Science

Entomotoxicology in Forensic Science ENTOMOTOXICOLOGY: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE For many years, forensic science have known that insects and their larvae hold answers to deaths that are not quite clear in terms of their actual timeframe or situations surrounding them. Now, a branch called entomotoxicology is helping those who work in forensic science find new answers to the questions that have remained in certain cases. This paper examines the role and science behind the advancing field of entomotoxicology in which toxins and drugs can be measured in the insects and larvae that infest even the most decomposed body. Before understanding this branch of forensic science, it is important to understand how bodies decompose and how insects become a part of the transformation of a human body once the person has died. It is important to study the decomposition process as part of a crime scene because it helps determine the victim, how they died, and when and where they died (Vass 2001: 192). Other factors, such as the presence of melanin can help investigators find out the race or ethnic background of the victim (Vass 2001: 192). Additionally, â€Å"knowledge of any trace amounts of chemicals, drugs, medications or toxins present in decomposed tissue may also be of help to investigators in attempting to determine the cause of death† (Vass 2001: 192). Having said that, it is then important to understand what is generally involved in the decomposition process. The start of the decomposition process has been clocked down to four minutes after death has occurred (Vass 2001: 190). The putrefaction process is where the body’s soft tissues are destroyed by micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa (Vass 2001: 190). Part of what happens to a decomposing body is a mummification process (Anonymous 2007: 2) that is called adipocere, which is â€Å"insoluble fatty acids† that are left behind from â€Å"pre-existing fats† that forms within a month of death but can remain as part of the cadaver for literally centuries (Wikipedia 2007: 1). Created from bacteria that convert a body’s fat, adipocere is the formation of soap from this fat is also known as saponification and appears in the form of a â€Å"yellowish-white, greasy, wax-like substance† (Voss 2001: 190). This substance can slow the growth of bacteria and can protect the body from further decomposition (Wikipedia 2007: 1). Adipocere also â€Å"forms through hydrolysis† so it is more common in humid environments or when a body is found underwater (Wikipedia 2007: 1). It is also interesting to note that adipocere also seems more common on corpses that are clothed in synthetic materials versus natural materials, such as cotton (Anonymous 2007: 3). Additionally, soils that are highly alkaline contribute to adipocere formation (Anonymous 2007: 4). This is because the alkaline source hydrolyses the corpse’s fat, turning it into the aforementioned soap-like substance (Anonymous 2007: 4). The deposits of adipocere are beneficial in determini ng the weight of an individual, which may then lead to the identity of that person (Vass 2001: 192). Insect activity, including laying eggs, eventually becomes part of the process – sometimes as soon as the onslaught of rigor mortis (Anonymous 2007: 2) – and leads to a significant decline in the condition of a corpse (Vass 2001: 190). Injuries, such as wounds and other instances where the dead person previously bled before dying can increase the onset of insects and bacteria (Voss 2001: 1919). Along with adipocere in a decomposing body comes the infestation by maggots and bugs, which are interrelated due to the amount of adipocere and climate conditions of the area where the decomposing body is located. Insects – especially arthropods – have played a significant role in forensic science because they, including larval and mature forms, like to feed on organic substances (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). They feed on wounds and decomposing bodies, subsisting on â€Å"the nostrils, sinuses, stomach, bowels, ears, vagina and anus part from the skin† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). Forensic entomology has been used for years to help calculate the time of death of a body as well as â€Å"who was the killer, whether a killer had been in a particular spot or not, which was the murder weapon, in what manner a person had been killed and so on† (Aggrawal 2001: 1-2). The exact science really uses an estimate of â€Å"the period of insect activity on the dead bodyà ¢â‚¬  (McKenna 2003: 3). There can be outside factors, such as â€Å"weather conditions, placement or concealment of the body, or other factors† that delay the arrival of insects (McKenna 2003: 3). For example, one noted forensic scientist who specialises in studying insects on bodies pointed out that â€Å"insects will begin to colonize an exposed body within minutes following death† in warm climates like Hawaii but may take longer to appear in more temperate climates (McKenna 2003: 3). However, what becomes hard to gauge is the effect of substances, such as heroin and cocaine, play on a person because it can be difficult to measure the toxicity level of these substances in the body once blood and certain tissue is no longer in a form to be accurately analysed (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). Sometimes, it is not clear whether or not there might have been an â€Å"accidental or suicidal consumption of toxic substances† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). For example, in researching the subject of entomotoxicology, it is clear that it is only in recent years has it become a well-utilised facet of forensic science. An article from a 1998 Journal of Forensic Science had a case that described the suicide death of a heroin addict (Benecke 1998: 3). While the body showed signs of masses of eggs that were first and second generation cheese skippers, which helped the forensics team that the woman had been dead about four months, there were other unanswered questions in regards to the level of heroin in her body (Benecke 1998: 3): â€Å"This case indicates that P. caset does not shorten its development significantly under the influence of heroin as was observed for some arthropods. However, the exact concentration of heroin could not be determined because of the severe decomposition† (Benecke 1998: 3). In a similar case with another heroin addict, those investigating the death admitted that the â€Å"influence of drugs in corpses to the insects feeding on them is still in progress† and there was still no conclusive way to indicate the quantity of drugs in the body of the drug user (Benecke 1998: 5). This is where the relatively new science of entomotoxicology becomes an important and vital way to find solutions to certain cadaver issues related to drugs and toxins. Going beyond just studying the insects found on corpses to gain insights into what may have happened to a person, entomotoxicology includes â€Å"the post-mortem toxicological analysis of carrion-feeding insects in order to identify drugs and toxins present on intoxicated tissues† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). This branch of forensic science â€Å"also investigates the effects caused by drugs and toxins on arthropod development in order to assist the forensic post-mortem interval estimates† (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). What happens is that â€Å"insect larvae eat the flesh of a person and based on the drug content of the insect, drug intake of descendent can be determined† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 14). The drugs or toxins become concentrated in the body of the insect tissue and may stay ther e based on the level of concentration from the cadaver (McKenna 2003: 4). As a particularly effective tactic during the autopsy stage, entomotoxicology is an incredible process that puts the amazing powers of insects to work: Diptera and other arthropods can be reliable alternate specimens for toxicological analyses in the absence of tissues and fluids normally taken for such purposes. Insects can be analysed quite easily after homogenisation by common toxicological procedures such as radio-immune analysis (RIA), gas chromatography (GC), think layer chromatography (TLC), high pressure liquid-mass chromatography (HPLC-MS) and gas-mass analysis (GC-MS). (Tuzun and Acikgoz 2007: 1). Previously, the methods used were â€Å"time-consuming and labor-intensive† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 5). The new methods incorporated into entomotoxicology utilise tandem mass spectrometry and multiple reaction monitoring to identify low levels of compounds â€Å"in complex biological matrices† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 6). Diagnosis allows for an actual analysis of the â€Å"metabolites of drugs† and helps differentiate â€Å"between prescription and non-prescription derivatives of drugs† (DeBoeck, Wood, and Samyn 2007: 6). To better understand how insects that have ingested toxic human flesh can help forensic scientists, it is best to examine a specific experiment that utilised the Black Blow Fly which had ingested Carisoprodol, a muscle relaxant sold by prescription only (Monthei 2007: 1): Even though Carisoprodol had no effect on the fly’s life cycle, the experiment is significant because a carbamate like Carisoprodol has not been tested before in this manner. This experiment could be done with another species of fly and have different results. Also, another person doing an independent study could take the maggots that I collected and determine if Carisoprodol accumulated in the maggots or if a metabolite of the drug is present. The presence of Carisoprodol would be significant to a toxicologist because if a body found at a crime scene was devoid of tissue, the toxicologist could use the maggots to determine if the deceased had Carisprodol in his or her system. My study showed that a forensic entomologist would not have to adjust the PMI based on the presence of the drug because this insect’s life cycle is not changed due to the drug (Monthei 2007: 1-2). Similarly, if a person was killed by morphine and the body ended up becoming infested by maggots during the decomposition process, the morphine can now be detected by analysing the maggots and the larvae (Aggrawal 2001: 1). What’s interesting is that, as the maggots â€Å"metamorphose into pupae, this morphine gets incorporated in their walls (Aggrawal 2001: 1). This means that, even years later, a skeletonised body could be tested and found to have died from morphine by testing pupae shells around the skeleton since morphine is impossible to detect by studying human bones (Aggrawal 2001: 1). The book entitled, A Fly for the Prosecution, goes into great detail explaining how entomotoxicology works. The author describes a paper published in 1990 by Pascal Kintz that describes how he tested for five drugs in both a cadaver’s organs and the maggots that were found and while the organs only tested positive for four of the drugs, the maggots had all five, including an insecticide known as malathion (Aggrawal 2001: 3). Interestingly enough, â€Å"in the case involving malathion, his conclusions regarding the time of death were a bout five days, while other evidence was pointing towards eight days†¦.Malathion had failed to kill the maggots†¦but had delayed their maturation by 3 days (Aggrawal 2001: 3). The level of malathion would have killed them if they had been adult flies instead of maggots (Aggrawal 2001: 3). As forensic science progresses, more advancements have been made, particularly in the areas of DNA technology and entomotoxicology. In terms of DNA advances, this tactic has enabled forensic scientists to more quickly identify â€Å"early instars of the Diptera larvae, eliminating the need for time consuming rearing of the larvae to the adult stage† (McKenna 2003: 5). Additionally, â€Å"the effects of various drugs and toxins on maggots development have demonstrated the need to include these in the estimations of the periods of insects development on a body when estimating the post-mortem interval† (McKenna 2003: 5). This is just some of the many examples available on how this new area of forensic science is providing more answers for those doing autopsies or studying crimes. While insect evidence as part of forensic study became more credible in the 1980s, it has slowly become more accepted rather than having maggots removed from a body to reach the â€Å"real evidence† (McKenna 2003: 4). Now, the role of entomologists and law enforcement are becoming more comfortable with each other as the number of cases are indicating the amazing finds of both straightforward entomology forensics and entomotoxicology in particular cases. Adding the use of insect toxicology as a scientific tool to their other capabilities allows the forensic scientist to uncover further clues that might have previously gone unnoticed due to their inability to gather the evidence from a badly decomposed corpse or from mummified or skeletal remains. References Aggrawal, A. (January-June 2001). A fly for the prosecution by M. Lee Goff. Anil Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2, 1, Available at: http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_002_no_001/popular_books_002_001/page006.html. Anonymous (2007). Chemistry. Adipocere, Available at: http://adipocere.homestead.com/chemistry.html. Benecke, M. (July 1998). Six forensic entomology cases: description and commentary. Journal of Forensic Sciences. DeBoeck, G., Wood, M., and Samyn, N. (2007). Recent applications of LC-MS in forensic science. McKenna, D. (11 November 2003). A bug life: 10 questions for a forensic entomologist. Available at: http://www.courttv.com/news/2003/1111/tenbugs_ctv.html. Monthei, D. (30 March 2007). Bugs on drugs. Virginia Commonwealth University, Available at: http://www.has.vcu.edu/forensics/current_stuides/cs_ugrad_ind_voice.html. Tuzun, A. and Acikgoz, H.N. (2007). A new investigation area in forensic sciences: entomotoxicology. Available at: http://medicine.ankara.edu.tr/~acikgoz/forensicsciences2.html. Vass, A.A. (November 2001). Beyond the grave – understanding human decomposition. Microbiology Today, 28, 190-192. Wikipedia. (2007). Adipocere. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocere.

Erwin Chargaff

My name is Erwin Chargaff and I discovered the structure of DNA. After reading Oswald Avery’s report, in 1944, about how genes were composed of DNA I become motivated to begin work on the chemistry of nucleic acids. I started researching with the belief that DNA from different species are different so I had to come up with an experiment to examine the DNA from different species. It was hard for me because I couldn’t get large amounts of DNA so it took awhile for my experimenting. After about 2 years I was able to come up with a solid procedure containing three steps.First, I had to separate the DNA mixture with chromatography paper. Then I converted the separated components into mercury salts and last but not least I was able to identify the purines and pyrimidines ( the building blocks of nucleic acids) by using their ultraviolet absorption spectra. I tested this method several times and was finally able to use it to examine the DNA of yeast and pancreatic cells. About a month later, I submitted two papers on my findings of the DNA of calf thymus and beef spleen and tubercle bacilli and yeast.My papers were rejected so I decided to improve my procedure and by doing that I was able to examine more species. I summarized what I found on nucleic acids in a review and finally in 1950, my experimenting lead to me discover important facts. I came up with three rules that I named as Chargaff’s rule. The first rule is that the number of Adenine always equals the number of thymine. The second is that the number of guanine always equals the number of cytosine and the last one is that the purines (adenine and guanine) always equal the number of pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine.I was also able to prove that the DNA of various species are different from one another. I did not collaborate with anyone for my experiment but two years later I explained my findings to Watson and Crick who were then later to come up the with DNA structure. I was a bit surpri sed that I wasn’t included in the Noble Prize since I did share my information with Watson and Crick and with that they were able to come up with the model. So, after Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize, I withdrew from left my lab and started to write essays and lectures.

Green Mountain Coffee Case Study Essay

Conscientious capitalism underscores the importance of aligning stakeholders’: employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, community, and the environment, interests into the company’s decisions by refocusing on purpose instead of profit, which incidentally results in a successful bottom line (Sacks, 2009). The operating philosophy of conscientious capitalism incorporates three assumptions: interconnectedness, holistic wealth, and traversing time through multiple generations. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) has integrated this ethical continuum into their operational strategy, which has led to their current success. Interconnectedness GMCR embodies interconnectedness through their annual summit meetings that employ an Appreciative Inquiry (AI) 4-D model and through their organization’s cultural commitment. At the summit meetings, multiple internal and external company stakeholders convene to strategically plan for the future, assess stakeholder value and contributions to success, as well as reflect on company and industry historical trends, all which promote the positive core of GMCR (Neville, 2008). Interconnectedness is also evident by the embodiment of GMCR’s inaugural five core beliefs: a passion for coffee (recreating Stiller’s first experience of the perfect cup of coffee), financial performance, a destination workplace, ethics, and commitment to social responsibility (Neville, 2008). By engaging the stakeholders, especially with annual trips to the â€Å"origin†, GMCR creates a unified allegiance to social and ethical responsibility that produces positive ethical and financial outcomes for the company. Holistic wealth GMCR epitomizes holistic wealth in the form of value-based management (VBM), which can be defined as an integrated management control system that measures, encourages, and supports the creation of net worth beyond capital accumulation and profit (Beck & Britzelmaier, 2011). One way that GMCR uses VBM to create net worth is through flexible cash flow models provided to coffee farmers. The model entails providing interest-free pecuniary resources to coffee growers preceding the harvest, which secures perpetual payments for the suppliers, invariable income for the farmer’s family, and an uninterrupted coffee flow for GMCR (Neville, 2008). Another example of VBM is GMCR’s utilization of Fair Trade initiatives and family farming contracts that employ direct buying agreements granting farmers fair prices for their crops. By employing these types of social standards as a tradeoff for long-term sustainability, GMCR makes all stakeholders feel valued, which in turn increases their passion for productivity and subsequently GMCR’s bottom line. Traversing time through multiple generations With a global focus on agricultural replenishment and perpetuity, the common emphasis for businesses in this industry has been extending the vivaciousness of crops across multiple generations. Given that 30 coffee trees are required to provide one, three time per day coffee drinker with enough coffee and combined with the fact that the trees have to remain viable for at least 10 years to yield a financially profitable crop, GMCR’s commitment to organic food processes promotes to the concept of multiple generations of time, allowing farmers to pass their crops through generations (Neville, 2008). By trading a traditional business paradigm for one centered on an all-inclusive value-based continuum that encompasses interconnected systems of farmers, stakeholders, land, and visible and invisible time, GMCR is a prime example of how conscientious capitalism can stimulate corporate and financial success.

Bibliiography Regarding Economy Topics - 1076 Words

Aidoo, Richard 2009 Review of The Trouble with Aid: Why Less Could Mean More for Africa, and: The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn’t Working. Africa Today 56(2): 97-101 Aidoo expands on Jon Glennie’s scope of the discussion regarding aid implementation in Africa. He takes into account other prevalent work and analyzes the debate as a whole. The issue, on which people readily take sides, he contends is often too simplistically portrayed, often leading to poor solutions, typically in the form of more aid. Aidoo’s critique of Glennie, who embraces aid reduction policies, calls Glennie’s stance intellectually merited, but fails to move beyond an academic concept. Coyne, Christopher 2013 Doing Bad by Doing Good: Stanford Economics and Finance DBBDG shows the problems that those who intervene undergo when venturing into humanitarian efforts. The bureaucratic incentive structure of aid organizations and unintended consequences that stem from their actions often end up doing more harm than good. Coynes analysis uses economic principle to form his case for using caution when considering humanitarian intervention. Those who intervene lack understanding of how the many variables associated with intervention will interact and how the bureaucratic incentive structure lacks the feedback mechanisms necessary for truly learning from mistakes. Coyne goes on to show how the different incentives of the bureaucracy will often clash with each other and with the end goal of