Tuesday, December 17, 2019

The Marrow of Tradition Essay - 1475 Words

As the United States developed and grew, upward mobility was central to the American dream. It was the unstated promise that no matter where you started, you had the chance to grow and proceed beyond your initial starting point. In the years following the Civil War, the promise began to fade. People of all races strived to gain the representation, acknowledgement and place in this society. To their great devastation, this hope quickly dwindled. Social rules were set out by the white folk, and nobody could rise above their social standing unless they were seen fit to be part of the white race. The social group to be impacted the most by this â€Å"social rule† was the African Americans. Black folk and those who were sympathetic to the idea of†¦show more content†¦This is supported by the idea that race was determined by one’s environment, that was in turn determined by the color of one’s mother. (Williams, 2006) Olivia is of a white race, with both father and mother being white. She is happy and content with a privileged white life. Janet, on the other hand, is the daughter of a black maid and a white man. When Janet’s father died, his will was taken and hidden secretly by Polly Ochiltree, Olivia’s aunt. This meant that Mrs. Polly kicked the maid Julia and her daughter Janet out of the house. As a result, Janet is pronounced black and left nameless, with no money or hope looking towards the future. Despite Olivia’s opportunity to have whatever she desires, she is still jealous of Janet in some ways. For example, seeing Janet with her son, made Olivia fall into a fit of hysterics. As Miss Jane put it, â€Å"So ter-day,w’en Mis’ Livy wuz out ridin’ an’ met dis yer Janet wid her boy, an’ w’en Mis’ Livy got ter studyin’ bout her own chances, an’ how she mought not come thoo safe, she jes’ had a fit er hysterics right dere in de buggy.† (Che snutt pg. 7). Throughout the entire novel, Olivia and Janet play this game of who is worth more on a personal level. Pre-Civil War, there were many free black men and women. Most of these women became mistresses to the white Creole men of New Orleans in a system called plaà §age. The men would choose their mistresses at the Quadroon Balls. The QuadroonShow MoreRelatedThe Marrow Of Tradition And House Of Mirth2043 Words   |  9 PagesKrista Young 05/11/2015 Thought and Society Chestnutt/Wharton Essay Assignment The Marrow of Tradition and House of Mirth Class, gender, and race are just a few of the classifications that have directly impacted one’s financial, legal, and personal freedoms throughout history. 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His work has many underlying themes among which are the use of the press to stir already volatile emotions through propaganda, class structure not only along color lines but within races, and the effects of the white supremacists’ agenda on the integrity of those who claimedRead MoreThe Marrow Tradition By Charles Waddell Chestnut1172 Words   |  5 PagesLovena Frazil African American Literature Professor Anderson October 7th , 2014 The Marrow Tradition The Marrow Tradition written by Charles Waddell Chestnut is novel that portrays the struggles that African- Americans face against white supremacist in the south. It introduces many different characters and how each deals with these issues. It also exposes the different ideas white people has against freed African Americans. There are several different instances they show their unchanging ideasRead More Charles W. Chestnutts The Marrow of Tradition Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesCharles W. Chestnutts The Marrow of Tradition      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, one can expect differing critical views of a novel; from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   authors perspective we see one view, from a publishers another, and from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the reviewers yet another. This is especially true of Charles W.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chesnutts   The Marrow of Tradition. If one observes both the contemporary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reviews of the novel and letters exchanged between Chesnutt and his   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   friends and publisher, HoughtonRead MoreSlavery Victims Pain in Uncle Toms Cabin and The Marrow of Tradition2488 Words   |  10 Pagessoul in trauma paints a poignant picture of the problems and social changes America faced both during slavery as well as after its abolition. This is evident in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin and Charles Chesnutts The Marrow of Tradition where the wounding of both the physical body and emotional soul features strongly throughout both texts. Published in 1853 after the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law, Uncle Toms Cabin tells of the circumstances of various slaves as they encounterRead MoreChestnutt Genuinely Embraces The Challenges Of Tradition1271 Words   |  6 Pagesembraces the challenges of tradition and presents them in a unique way as well. The Marrow of Tradition provides a sociological outlook about race relations post slavery and pre-civil rights movement. Chestnutt focuses on the disenfranchisement of the black man as well as the advocacy of staunch white supremacy. Chestnutt conveys deeply rooted ancestral traditions widely held by white supremacists and challenges those traditions throughout the novel. Chestnutt abides by the tradition that is being presentedRead More Blacks and the Media Essay example1264 Words   |  6 Pagesracism of the media continues to not only be detrimental to the white consumers, who base what they know about blacks by what is represented in television, but also the black consumers, who grow up with a false sense of identity. In The Marrow of Tradition, author Charles W. Chesnutt illustrates examples that signify the thoughts that whites had of and used against blacks, which are still very much prevalent in public opinion and contemporary media. Chesnutt writes, â€Å"Confine the negro to thatRead MoreHow Does Globalization Affect Cultural Traditions in the Arabic Communities?923 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern phenomena of globalization is having effects on Arab cultural traditions in Arab communities in many ways, like in language, education, media and customs. 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He says, â€Å"Babies representRead MoreThe Wilmington Riots Of 1898845 Words   |  4 PagesInspired by the Wilmington Riots of 1898, Charles Chesnutt delves deep into the racial tensions of the South in his novel On the Marrow of Tradition. Desp ite being set well after the end of the Civil War, the struggle between the black and white races is far from over. The white race insists on maintaining complete control in every aspect of society, including personal matters. They are constantly demanding that the black community serve them. On the other end, the black race is struggling to survive

Monday, December 9, 2019

Fire In High Rise Buildings free essay sample

Analysis Based OnReal Problem Situation ABSTRACT This work describes an important aspect within the field of safety in residential area namely fire safety. This paper presents 3 case studies on fire based accidents in high rise buildings. Under these case studies important aspects such as cause, immediate response, emergency preparedness planning, loss in terms of life and property as well as prevention and control measures have been discussed. This paper also focuses on the actual causes of majority of fire related accidents in residential areas mainly student hostels. Special emphasis has been put on at risk behavior/ unsafe behavior leading to these catastrophic accidents. Majority of accidents are result of unsafe acts rather than unsafe conditions thus BBS plays an important role in preventing accidents and bringing risk to an acceptable level by means of spreading awareness. Apart from it, this paper also highlights the different types of residential fires, their prevention and control measures focusing on use of different chemical extinguishers for different types of fire, different types of smoke detectors, fire alarms, role of sprinkler system and emergency exit plan. This paper also presents a full fledged emergency planning and response plan for a local student hostel primarily focusing on duration of mock drills, training of hostel staff, provision of proper fire fighting equipment in the hostel premises and their compliance with the appropriate standards. INTRODUCTION Fire disasters are one of the most common and catastrophic disasters in the world today. This study aims at analyzing residential fires in high rise buildings. High rise buildings pose high risk of fire because of its configuration into widely varying specifications leading to a diverse building environment with many variables which make the hazards difficult to identify and control. Requirement for fire prevention and control in high rise building is inevitable because of higher occupancy and longer distance to exit discharge which may lead to more casualties and property loss.Urban economy is developing rapidly, as a result, land resources are becoming scarse every year and high rise buildings are gaining a great deal of importance. The design of these high rise buildings is very complex thus calling for an urgent need of developing ways to handle fire safety situation and it has become a major issue for the society.Some of the major fires in high rise buildings in the recent years are as follows1) 26 Jan 2018, A hospital in fire in Miryang, South Korea killed atleast 37 people and injured more than 131 others.2) 28 Dec 2017, Kamala Mill s fire in Mumbai killed 14 people.3) 28 Dec 2017, Apartment buildings caught fire on Prospect Avenue in the Bronx in Newyorkcity killed 124) 26 April 2016, A fire broke out on the top floor of National Museumof Natural History in NewDelhi, no casualties were reported. 5) 2015, Afire in a residential building in Baku, Azerbaijan kills 14 people.Fire risk analysis of high rise building is important because these buildings still lack an efficient fire extinguish method for safe evacuation and if safe evacuation system is in place then many a times occupants of the buildings are not properly trained on how to respond in case of emergencies. Many a times the location of the building also plays a huge role as proper connecting roads might not be available making it difficult for firefighting vehicles to reach on time. Building codes and regulations prescribe basic requirements for assuring fire and life safety in buildings. For implementing these codes and regulations it is required that a fire protection engineer is consulted since the design and construction stage of the building so as to develop a proactive approach towards firefighting, but in reality a reactive approach is followed for fire fighting in high rise buildings, thus there is no proper c ompliance with legal requirements. CASE STUDIES 1. 28 Dec 2017, Kamala Mills fire in MumbaiA noteworthy fire softened out up a bar in the Kamala Mills compound in Mumbai on Dec 28, 2017, early morning. The burst was accounted for around 12.30 a.m. from a bistro The Mojo, a housetop eatery bar in The Kamla Trade House and rapidly spread to another encompassing bar and an eatery, said an authority of BMC Disaster Control.More than 12 fire tenders were raced to battle the burst which was brought under control around 6.30 a.m. While most of the casualties are accounted for to have died on the recognize, the fire fighters could protect 10 others securely from the jumping flares. The harmed have been admitted to the KEM Hospital and different clinics for treatment.At slightest 14 individuals kicked the bucket and numerous others were injured.Doctors at KEM Hospital said every one of the casualties, 11 of whom were ladies, passed on because of smoke inward breath after they were caught inside the eateries. Suffocation was surveyed to be the prime reason of suffocation.The whole bar and the encompassing complex was loaded with supporters including numerous ladies and vacationers thronging the elegant region to unwind.Mumbai Police have booked the proprietor of the bar for carelessness and different charges for the fire, suspected to be activated by an electric short-circuit. The test by Mumbai Police into the Kamala Mills fire disaster has uncovered that the fire may have caused because of a short out and the inflammable covering sheets utilized as sheds was in charge of spreading the blaze.The Polices test has likewise uncovered that the staff and the directors of 1Above fled the spot instantly after the fire broke out and neglected to protect the benefactors. Additionally, every one of the individuals who were executed in the lethal burst were the individuals who had come to feast at 1Above. Then, the Mumbai Police has shaped various groups to find the slipping off charged. An officer said that when they entered the diner, they discovered 12 bodies in the washroom while two were lying in the premises. Drapes filled in as a trigger for fire.Senior police examiner Ahmed Pathan from the NM Joshi Marg police headquarters said that the FIR has been enlisted under areas 304 (guilty crime not adding up to kill), 337 (jeopardizing individual security of others ), 338(causing shocking hurt by imperiling individual wellbeing of others) and 34 (normal expectation) of the Indian Penal Code. Sources included that 1 Above had obstructed the fire leave utilizing iron poles. The first space is 20Ãâ€"20 sqft in which just 4-5 five tables can be put. Be that as it may, the bar utilized the open space to include more tables.2. 28 Dec 2017, Apartment buildings caught fire on Prospect Avenue in the Bronx in NewYork cityOn a bone chilling Thursday night, a fire filled by windy breezes tore as the century progressed old condo working in the Bronx of the New York City. No less than 12 individuals were murdered. . It was the deadliest fire in the city in excess of a quarter-century. Notwithstanding the passings, four individuals were basically harmed and two individuals managed non-hazardous wounds. The most youthful among the dead was 1 year old, the most established more than 50. The main crisis call came at 6:51 p.m. for a fire in a five-story flat working at 2363 Prospect Avenue in the Belmont neighborhood, as indicated by the New York City Fire Department. The division reacted in three minutes, and firefighters could safeguard 12 individuals. The fire started on the principal floor however rapidly spread all through the working, as the breeze sustained oxygen to the blazes. The general population who kicked the bucket were on different floors. The blast developed to five-caution status, and in excess of 160 firefighters reacted. When, around 10 p.m., the flares had been brought under control. It was a sharply icy night, with temperatures in the adolescents, and the breeze chill influenced it to feel beneath zero. Water spilling from flame hoses solidified in streaks on the solid, and dislodged inhabitants strolled around hung in American Red Cross covers. Three young ladies were sped into a neighboring working subsequent to moving down an emergency exit without any shoes or coats. Numerous inquiries stayed in the prompt result of the burst, including how the fire spread so rapidly in a block assembling that was worked after cataclysmic fires at the turn of the twentieth century introduced a period of harder implementation of flame codes. The building was not sufficiently new that it was required to have present day insulating, similar to sprinkler frameworks and inside steel development. It was additionally not known whether every one of the lofts smoke alerts were working. The building had no lifts however the Fire escapes were unmistakable on the veneer of the building. After through examinations by the fire division it was at long last discovered that a 3-year-old kid with a past filled w ith playing with the burners and turning them on caused the fire. Prior to his mom knew it, he stated, This fire had gotten a decent hold of the kitchen. The mother of the youngster was in her loft at the time, however not taking care of the kid. When she found the flares, it was past the point of no return. She left her loft with her 2-year-old and 3-year-old, and left the entryway open, so this fire rapidly spread up the stairs, however she neglected to shut the entryway behind her prompting quick spreading of the blast.3. 26 April 2016, A fire broke out on the top floor of National Museumof Natural History in New DelhiAn enormous fire developed in the National Museum of Natural History post midnight on Tuesday 26th April 2016. It took fire benefits more than four hours to splash the blast with 35 fire motors squeezed into benefit. No losses were accounted for. Extensive crest of smoke exuding from the best floor of the FICCI building where the historical center is housed, gotten the security work forces attention at around 1:45 am. A call was made to the fire administrations and a couple of motors were hurried in from the Connaught Place fire station. Nobody was in the working at the season of flame as the historical center was shut around then. As the fire spread to the lower floors, more fire motors were hurried in. It took the following three and a half hours to bring the fire under control and an additional three hours of chilling off operations.The fire started on the best floor and spread to four stories underneath. 6 autos with water driven stages to drench the fire in the best floors were utilized. Other 30 groups were battling the blazes from inside the building insides. The greater part of the fire bolstered on the wooden allotments and cupboards where examples were housed on the gallery floors.During the activities, for which around 200 fire contenders were surged in from various parts of the capital, six faculty were left caught in the building, who breathed in inordinate smoke.Two groups were sent to the best floors from the back wing of the building. Be that as it may, the task was suspended when the groups gave a SOS call. They were protected and a CATS rescue vehicle was called. Three fire warriors were sent to RML healing center with objections of asphyxia. The other three were regulated emergency treatment and made to come back to rest. Everybody was observed to be steady later.The reason for flame couldnt be known however the fire spread as a result of exhibition hall examples and the wood work holding them.The wooden parcels to isolate distinctive wings of the historical center on every one of the four stories bolstered the fire. The examples, the squishy toys and the chemicals a few examples were protected in were all profoundly flammable. That is the reason the fire spread so rapidly. Fire Services claimed the fire wellbeing measures were ineffectual and not practical in the FICCI building, a piece of which was leased to the Ministry of Environment and Forests which set up the Museum in 1972.The pumps were not working when water was required. FICCI individuals denied that there was a slip by on their part,they said that all fire wellbeing measures were in place,this building is endorsed and cleared by the Government of India, there are no less than 15 security watches at the premises each night, and around 35 amid the day.Minister of Environment Prakash Javadekar achieved the spot at around 8:30 and reported that a fire wellbeing review will be led for every one of the 34 historical centers under the Ministry in the city.The building, a piece of which was under remodel, was fixed by the NDMC later in the day. Police powers and Fire Services have been positioned at the site since 1:45 am.Established in 1972, the National Museum of Natural History in New Delhi is on e of two historical centers concentrating on nature in India. It works under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. CAUSES OF FIRE IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 1.The increased use of high strength concrete (HSC) in buildings causes spalling of concrete at elevated temperatures and results in reduction of fire resistance.2. Factors such as building structure strength and material, fire load characteristic and distribute, the formation and strength of ignition source, fire alarm system, fire equipment, emergency countermeasures also play an important role in the cause of fire. FIRE PROTECTION IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS NFPA 101 ®, Life Safety Code has provisions for existing as well as new high-rise buildings. NFPA 101 ®, Life Safety Code, 2012 edition, section 11. 8 contains requirements potentially applicable to a high-rise building. The chapter for a specific occupancy decides whether all or a few of the section 11.8 requirements are required for occupancy and decides if the requirements are for new or existing constructed dwellings. Amid section 11.8 needs are an approved supervised automatic sprinkler system; a Class I standpipe system; a fire alarm system alongside an accepted emergency voice/alarm communication system; two-way telephone service for fire department use; emergency lighting; standby power; and an emergency command center. Existing high-rise hotels should be protected throughout by an approved directed automatic sprinkler system. Existing high-rise health care occupancies must be Type I (442 or 332) or Type II (222) construction (as must existing health care occupancies 4-6 floors in height). As per NFPA ,construction of buildings can be categorized into various types. This corresponds to the fire resistive construction type category previously used in NFIRS as well as a subpart of the protected noncombustible category. A provision added to the code in 2009 and modified in the 2012 edition requires existing high-rise hospitals should be guarded with automatic sprinklers within a nine-year period. Since 2006, the code requires all nursing homes, disregarding of height, to be protected with automatic sprinklers. The defined construction types can be briefly summarized by these major characteristics: Fire resistive – Concrete or fire-resistant-covered steel construction rated for 2 hours; Heavy timber – Construction where any exposed wood load-bearing members has no dimension less than 2 inches; Protected non-combustible – Concrete or fire-resistant-covered steel construction rated for 1 hours; Unprotected non-combustible – Exposed steel construction without fire-resistant covering; Protected ordinary – Masonry load-bearing walls with columns, wood floors, and roof decks all protected by fire-resistive coating rated for 1 hour; Unprotected ordinary – Masonry load-bearing walls with exposed columns, wood floors, and roof decks without fire-resistive coating; Protected wood frame – Wood frame construction with wall and ceiling surfaces protected by fire-resistive covering, such as gypsum board; Unprotected wood frame – Wood frame construction without fire-resistive covering. High-Rise Building Fires, 9/13 18 NFPA Fire Analysis ; Research, Quincy, MA Existing high-rise apartment buildings should have an approved directed automatic sprinkler system, installed throughout, with two exceptions. One is if every living unit has exterior exit access in accordance with section 7. 5.3; and the another one is whether the building has an approved, engineered life safety system in accordance with section 31.3.5.11.4. The latter exception for an engineered life safety system is also the only barring to the requirement for a complete, approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in existing high-rise office buildings. NFPA 1 ®, Fire Code, requires sprinkler retrofitting in all high-rise buildings. Since 1999, NFIRS (the national fire incident data base) has included an option to report fires as confined fires, in which case very little detail is required. This change encourages the reporting of very small fires, but introduces a high degree of uncertainty in the analysis of detailed characteristics of those fires CONTROL MEASURES FOR FIRE IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 1. Emergency rescue in high rise buildings CONCLUSIONS The paper put the security and anticipation first as the rule and investigations the highlights of elevated structures fire to pick up the course of mishap by seeing tall structures and its fire and accomplish an incomplete occasion tree whose best occasion is the immediate fire peril misfortune, while it joined with the present condition of the economy. In perspective of the elevated structures fire issue, this is a worldwide issue, and a few focuses are advanced as followings: (1) Putting forward another thought that is from man-machine (content, gear, and so on.) condition, that is, the two parts of the innovation (equipment) and administration (programming) ought to be contemplate exhaustively to take care of issues in tall structures fire avoidance. (2) Technology cant take care of the issue that fire control offices cant stay aware of the expanding of the floor stature adequately in a here and now. As far as the present monetary circumstance in our nation, a tall structures fire anticipation security framework which takes the administration as diagram ought to be advanced while innovation is a strategy and outstand the controlling and coordination that that administration exhibits on innovation. (3) Our tall structures ought to underline the four elevated structures fire wellbeing countermeasures with the acknowledgment of flame aversion security framework in the meantime, and accomplish innovation and the administration synchronous improvement as quickly as time permits. In addition, tall structure fire counteractive action security framework ought to be culminated. With a specific end goal to unravel the tall structure fire counteractive action wellbeing issue, this examination plans to give some viable incentive to the outline of elevated structure, appraisal of flame security and foundation of prudent crisis program.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Jean And Gerhard Lenski, In Their Theory Of Sociocultural Evolution, D

Jean and Gerhard Lenski, in their theory of sociocultural evolution, describe five different types of societies, separated by their technologies. They are the hunting and gathering societies, the horticultural and pastoral societies, the agrarian societies, the industrial societies, and the post-industrial societies. Which of these societies would I prefer? I will argue that the post-industrial society is favorable to the other four societies. Compared to the post-industrial society, an individual in the hunting and gathering society consumes a great deal of time, energy, and thought, collecting and hunting for food. Most of these societies today generally live in marginal areas where resources are scarce, so life for the hunter and gatherer seems more oriented toward mere survival. The natural elements can be harsh, for example, in the Arctic where the Inuit live. In the post-industrial society, food is easily available, allowing more time to focus on other interests. Life expectancy is also very low compared to the post industrial society. Technology is minimal in the hunting and gathering society, which again relates back to the need for expending time and energy finding food. Technology in medicine is also primitive for hunters and gatherers. If I, or someone I cared for, develops a pendicitis, for example, this would be easily treatable in the post-industrial society, death would be rare. In the hunting and gathering society, likely I or my cared-one would suffer pain and eventually die. The hunting and gathering society certainly has its benefits. Equality is great and social stratification is low, opposed to the post-industrial society. I feel that the costs, however, outweigh these benefits. As with the hunting and gathering societies, the horticultural and pastoral societies do not afford as much time for leisure as does the post-industrial society. Production of food in the horticulturist society and care of animals in the pastoral society still consumes a large portion of time for most of its members. The horticulturist is at the mercy of the elements since a bad season or natural phenomena such as a flood can deplete food resources and drastically effect the survival of its members. Pastoral societies are also at risk of animal diseases or droughts. These societies do not have the technologies that post-industrial societies have to guard against food shortage. The pastorals are nomadic, and sometimes endure harsh and even dangerous environments in their journeys. Medical technology is also low, so physical pain and death are more common than in post-industrial society. The agrarian society, compared to the post-industrial society, displays more inequality. There exists a large economic gap between the wealthy or elite and the poor or slaves and peasants. As an elite man in this society, life would be easy. One would have much leisure time to follow other interests like schooling and art. As a peasant or slave, however, time and energy would be consumed working for the elite. Power is highly stratified between rich and poor, men and women. It does not display the more general democratic political characteristics of the post-industrial society. The ability to choose is dependent on economic class, and is generally determined by birth. Social mobility is rare in contrast to post-industrial society. I view this as an unjust society and would prefer democracy prevalent in post-industrial society. As with the agrarian society, early industrial societies are marked with economic, social, and political inequality. Advancing technology benefits the few or rich in that they collect wealth in industry. The rich are the factory owners who use technology to produce more and make more money. The workers are the poor. In early industrial societies, there are no laws that give rights to the worker. Workers are subjected to long hours, low pay, and dangerous working environments. Technology is moving fast while the political institutions lag behind. Generally, the industrial society is one where the majority of its members work in factories. Most of one's day involves doing repetitive or thoughtless work. It produces a feeling of isolation since interaction with others is limited. This type of work is something that a machine in post-industrialist society would do. The post-industrial society is the most technologically advanced, and technology definitely has benefits. The use of computers in medicine can detect disease and cure ailment, thus promoting