Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce

Issue/Solution Paper Youthful Marrige Equals Divorce America is by and by in a period where individuals sue others for rediculous reasons, find obsurd motivations to go to court, and the greatest court insurgency is separate. Separation is getting more typical in today’s world than any time in recent memory and is either parting homes or destroying individuals monetarily. It is by a long shot perhaps the most serious issue in our nation in the cutting edge time. Numerous individuals in today’s society wed at an extremely youthful age. They will in general do this in light of the fact that it is possible that they were secondary school darlings or they have had a kid together. In doing as such, there is a high separation rate for individuals younger than 25 years of age in the United States. â€Å"40-half is a number projection for more youthful people wedding for the first time† (divorcereform.org). Individuals younger than 25 are said to have a separation pace of about 45% as indicated by the U.S. Evaluation Beaurea in the year 2002. â€Å"Approximately 31% of companions and collaborators, matured 35 to 54, who are hitched, drawn in, or cohabitating have just been beforehand divorced† (divorcereform.org). This satement shows that around 33% of Americans separate at an early age and remarry when they are progressively full grown. Insights likewise show that in the event that two individuals have been hitched for progress ively, at that point 15 years, the odds of separation are practically nothing, about 3%. A youthful couple wedding just because today has a lifetime separate from danger of 40%, another measurement indicating that there is an absence of development in youthful couples who wed early. Numerous couples wed at a youthful age just for the explanation of having a child either unintentionally or maybe not knowing the results and monetary battle they will persevere. The administration right currently doesn't have an answer for the high separation rate that is contaminating America. Since individuals at a youthful age are juvenile and have not encountered the world absolutely, treachery is a major factor in various separations. Economi... Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce Free Essays on Young Marrige Equals Divorce Issue/Solution Paper Youthful Marrige Equals Divorce America is by and by in a period where individuals sue others for rediculous reasons, find obsurd motivations to go to court, and the greatest court upheaval is separate. Separation is getting more typical in today’s world than any time in recent memory and is either parting homes or demolishing individuals monetarily. It is by a wide margin perhaps the most serious issue in our nation in the cutting edge period. Numerous individuals in today’s society wed at an exceptionally youthful age. They will in general do this in light of the fact that it is possible that they were secondary school darlings or they have had a kid together. In doing as such, there is an extremely high separation rate for individuals younger than 25 years of age in the United States. â€Å"40-half is a number projection for more youthful people wedding for the first time† (divorcereform.org). Individuals younger than 25 are said to have a separation pace of about 45% as indicated by the U.S. Registration Beaurea in the year 2002. â€Å"Approximately 31% of companions and associates, matured 35 to 54, who are hitched, connected with, or cohabitating have just been already divorced† (divorcereform.org). This satement shows that around 33% of Americans separate at an early age and remarry when they are increasingly developed. Measurements likewise show that on the off chance that two individuals have b een hitched for increasingly, at that point 15 years, the odds of separation are pretty much nothing, about 3%. A youthful couple wedding just because today has a lifetime separate from danger of 40%, another measurement demonstrating that there is an absence of development in youthful couples who wed early. Numerous couples wed at a youthful age just for the explanation of having a child either unintentionally or maybe not knowing the results and financial battle they will persevere. The administration right presently doesn't have an answer for the high separation rate that is tainting America. Since individuals at a youthful age are juvenile and have not encountered the world absolutely, treachery is a major factor in various separations. Economi...

Headaches: The Leading Cause for Missing School and Work

We all experience the ill effects of a periodic migraine; indeed, 20 million Americans see their primary care physicians every year in view of cerebral pains. Migraines are likewise the main source for missing school and work in this nation. There are a wide range of sorts of migraines going from simply standard agony, to torment related with a confusion or genuine ailment. I†d like to examine the most exceedingly awful kind of migraine. The sort of cerebral pain I†d like to talk about, the Migraine, albeit extraordinary in its agony, isn't related with an ailment or injury. The Migraine is a common pulsating cerebral pain, influencing just one side of the head and regularly joined by numerous side effects. Albeit numerous individuals utilize the word â€Å"Migraine† to portray any extreme cerebral pain, this isn't right. Headaches are a particular cerebral pain brought about by changes in the veins that flexibly the cerebrum. Ordinarily, Migraines become less successive with expanding age and are moderately extraordinary after the age of 50. In the wake of meeting my grandma, who is a unique case Migraine victim, she revealed to me that her Migraines started when she was seven. Frequently in school she would have the exemplary headache manifestations she would see just 50% of her instructor and splendid lights and flashes as long as 20 minutes before her Migraine started. These manifestations are called airs and once they are gone the Migraine starts. The Migraine itself can prompt retching, slurred discourse, causes the victim delicate to light to and intensifies when there is a ton of commotion. The system isn't totally seen, yet numerous ladies have their most serious assaults during or not long before their menstrual period. This is as far as anyone knows because of the hormonal unevenness during that time. Anyway, what would we be able to do to forestall Migraines? Since Migraine cerebral pains can repeat for quite a long time and medicine may prompt reactions and bounce back migraines anticipation is the key viewpoint in the administration of headaches. Give close consideration to your eating regimen. Check whether evading certain nourishments can forestall a headache. The three C†s-Cheese, chocolate and citrus are the most widely recognized nourishments which trigger headaches. I†d like to examine rest propensities. While it†s imperative to get enough rest, abstain from sleeping late also. It†s best to hit the hay and get up at about a similar time every day, since this assists with managing and balance out the brain†s significant organic timekeepers. To compensate for loss of rest following a late night, rest or snooze later in the day if essential. Has anybody at any point perused the elements of Excedrin? Well on the off chance that you have you†d have seen that Excedrin†s three dynamic fixings are: Acetaminophen (which is Tylenol), Asprin and shockingly enough, Caffeine. I recall a day a year ago around the time that we had finals, when my sister, I†m not simply accusing her, it was actually her issue, purchased these pills named Vivavrin. When I took one of these pills my head started to pulsate and I, who have a long family ancestry of headaches, got one. Presently, if Caffeine triggers Migraines, for what reason would a Migraine medication contain Caffeine to ease them? Caffeine is an energizer and can accelerate the heart, raise circulatory strain and meddle with unwinding. Caffeine is certainly not something to be thankful for to take when you don†t have a cerebral pain. For some odd reason, when a cerebral pain has started, Caffeine can be useful. This is on the grounds that Caffeine is an adjuvant-it upgrades and revives the impacts of torment medication. That is the reason it is added to numerous over-the-counter prescriptions including Excedrin to treat cerebral pain torment. To finish up, an individual must give close consideration to his life form. With the main side effects of an extreme migraine, it is ideal to counsel a specialist who will lead tests and build up a substantial purpose behind the agony.

Success Story Event Management with MeisterTask - Focus

Success Story Event Management with MeisterTask - Focus Wedding days can be pretty high-pressure. Couples have often planned their big day for months or even years beforehand, refining minute details down to a T, working out which long lost aunties really warrant an invite and often forking out mega bucks, all to make their wedding day completely and utterly perfect. So, being a part of implementing this vision can be quite a lot on your shoulders. Anyone involved in wedding event management needs to be compassionate, diligent and super well organized. Interview with Wedding Business Owner, Martina Lundborg: Recently we sat down with Martina Lundborg, Wedding photographer from Gothenburg Sweden, to speak about how she manages to deal with (and actually enjoy) being an essential part of a couple’s big event. Martina takes us through how she prepares for, implements and follows-up with weddings, within her photography business. Martina â€" could you tell us a little about your business? Well, I’m a wedding and boudoir photographer based in Gothenburg, Sweden, and I’ve been shooting weddings since 2008. I mostly shoot locally, although I’ve travelled all over Sweden and Norway for events and I’ve been lucky enough to even shoot a wedding in Australia. Wedding photography is my part-time job, as weddings in Sweden are very seasonal. About 50,000 people get married every year and 45% of these couples get married in June, July or August. This means that the wedding photography business is very concentrated during the summer, and very low during the winter, when I focus primarily on my other role as a Marketing Assistant. What’s it like being part of a couple’s big day? My mission is to create memories that last a lifetime, hopefully, more. To be a part of a couple’s wedding day is a huge responsibility, but I love it. On the day itself, there’s a lot of action going on and a lot of things to remember. I use MeisterTask to plan for this, creating Project Boards for client management and project management. Over the summer, weddings must be pretty much back-to-back â€" how do you handle that? It’s pretty busy. A lot of work goes into trying to organize myself for the upcoming wedding season and managing projects concurrently, over the summer months themselves. In my Client Management Project in MeisterTask, I have one Project Board for this year’s booked weddings. The tasks for the weddings are divided into four sections:                From request to engagement photo                Preparations before the day                Packing the camera bag                The after work I can then create a task per couple so I’m able to move their task across the Project Board and ensure everything on the day itself goes to plan. Discover efficient project management Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask Have you ever had any event management nightmares on Wedding days? Not nightmares but I have forgotten small but essential things, like chocolate or water, which I need to keep going. To avoid this happening again I now have a camera bag checklist ready in MeisterTask, which I include in every wedding task. It’s always a risk when having one list, or just everything in your head, that you might forget something. I reduce this risk a lot by adding a new packing list for every couple, which I can tailor and double-check through the night before. I can keep adding things to the checklist that I usually forget the day before (like extra shoes, or cell phone charger), things that are great to have during the day but aren’t essential to get the job done. After 12+ hours of shooting non-stop, changing shoes is one of the best things that you can do. Do you take any other steps to make sure you’re properly prepared? Within MeisterTask, I use the tagging, due dates and attachment features. Depending on the chosen package, price and hours, I use different tags to filter my events. For example, I offer special deals at certain times of the year so I have tags to reflect this in the relevant tasks. I then use due dates to set myself reminders, e.g. to book a certain aspect by a set date.  To embed all relevant files within their respective tasks, e.g. a wedding venue floor plan, I attach documents and specifications using the Dropbox integration. How do you keep busy outside of Wedding season? All year round, I work as a marketing assistant for a Swedish company selling products around the world. I’ve recently started using MeisterTask in that capacity too, introducing the task management tool to the rest of our team. This position is divided between the US and Sweden, so MeisterTasks  collaborative functions like the commenting feature and assigning tasks, make it much simpler to work across locations. Within the marketing and sales teams, we use G Suite alongside MeisterTask, for similar collaborative reasons. Using Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, Gmail, Hangouts and Calendar, we can all remain on the same page, regardless of where we’re based. With MeisterTask we particularly use the Google Drive attachment feature, ensuring that each task has all the information we need to proceed. In addition to shooting weddings, I’m also a portrait photographer. Lots of women have portraits taken for their partners as gifts, but the real aim is to make them feel confident and happy in their own skin. I also keep busy planning out my dreams for this year and next. For this, I have a MeisterTask Project for personal projects, listing all of my dreams and ideas. My ‘Dreams for 2018’ project includes what I’d like to get done and importantly, the steps I need to take to achieve this. This gives me a great space to note down ideas, whenever they pop into my head, whether at home or on the move, and keeps me focused on my goals. How does MeisterTask work for you, as a creative person? There’s just so much about it that makes work easier for me. I’m an organizer, but at the same time, being the creative type, I couldn’t really find a solution that I stuck to. I tried Excel spreadsheets, paper calendars, the calendar in my iPhone, notes on my iPhone, all of them combined! But I struggled a lot with both design and function. I’d tried Trello too but hadn’t got into the right workflow as I didn’t get along with the design, which affects my workflow a lot. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! So when I found MeisterTask and realized that it pretty much combines everything I needed, I was fixed. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! All of this is great for business and using the desktop application and the focus feature on tasks, I keep focused on work and undistracted from other browser tabs. Even when I’m away from my laptop, I can still do everything from my phone with the iOS app. As a result, I don’t miss out on anything because I haven’t got my calendar on me and if I get a request from a couple, I can check availability directly, give them an accurate answer and have them set up as a client within a couple of minutes. What are the next steps for your business? I’ve always worked alone as a Wedding photographer but I’m starting to get involved with projects that involve cooperating more with other photographers in Sweden â€" projects that I would never have considered  since the management would take too much time. However, since I’ve worked out a much better workflow with MeisterTask, although it sounds cliché, anything now feels possible! Huge thanks to Martina Lundborg for sharing her story and workflows with us. You can get in touch with Martina about her photography services, via her website: www.martinalundborg.se Project management made simple Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask Success Story Event Management with MeisterTask - Focus Wedding days can be pretty high-pressure. Couples have often planned their big day for months or even years beforehand, refining minute details down to a T, working out which long lost aunties really warrant an invite and often forking out mega bucks, all to make their wedding day completely and utterly perfect. So, being a part of implementing this vision can be quite a lot on your shoulders. Anyone involved in wedding event management needs to be compassionate, diligent and super well organized. Interview with Wedding Business Owner, Martina Lundborg: Recently we sat down with Martina Lundborg, Wedding photographer from Gothenburg Sweden, to speak about how she manages to deal with (and actually enjoy) being an essential part of a couple’s big event. Martina takes us through how she prepares for, implements and follows-up with weddings, within her photography business. Martina â€" could you tell us a little about your business? Well, I’m a wedding and boudoir photographer based in Gothenburg, Sweden, and I’ve been shooting weddings since 2008. I mostly shoot locally, although I’ve travelled all over Sweden and Norway for events and I’ve been lucky enough to even shoot a wedding in Australia. Wedding photography is my part-time job, as weddings in Sweden are very seasonal. About 50,000 people get married every year and 45% of these couples get married in June, July or August. This means that the wedding photography business is very concentrated during the summer, and very low during the winter, when I focus primarily on my other role as a Marketing Assistant. What’s it like being part of a couple’s big day? My mission is to create memories that last a lifetime, hopefully, more. To be a part of a couple’s wedding day is a huge responsibility, but I love it. On the day itself, there’s a lot of action going on and a lot of things to remember. I use MeisterTask to plan for this, creating Project Boards for client management and project management. Over the summer, weddings must be pretty much back-to-back â€" how do you handle that? It’s pretty busy. A lot of work goes into trying to organize myself for the upcoming wedding season and managing projects concurrently, over the summer months themselves. In my Client Management Project in MeisterTask, I have one Project Board for this year’s booked weddings. The tasks for the weddings are divided into four sections:                From request to engagement photo                Preparations before the day                Packing the camera bag                The after work I can then create a task per couple so I’m able to move their task across the Project Board and ensure everything on the day itself goes to plan. Discover efficient project management Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask Have you ever had any event management nightmares on Wedding days? Not nightmares but I have forgotten small but essential things, like chocolate or water, which I need to keep going. To avoid this happening again I now have a camera bag checklist ready in MeisterTask, which I include in every wedding task. It’s always a risk when having one list, or just everything in your head, that you might forget something. I reduce this risk a lot by adding a new packing list for every couple, which I can tailor and double-check through the night before. I can keep adding things to the checklist that I usually forget the day before (like extra shoes, or cell phone charger), things that are great to have during the day but aren’t essential to get the job done. After 12+ hours of shooting non-stop, changing shoes is one of the best things that you can do. Do you take any other steps to make sure you’re properly prepared? Within MeisterTask, I use the tagging, due dates and attachment features. Depending on the chosen package, price and hours, I use different tags to filter my events. For example, I offer special deals at certain times of the year so I have tags to reflect this in the relevant tasks. I then use due dates to set myself reminders, e.g. to book a certain aspect by a set date.  To embed all relevant files within their respective tasks, e.g. a wedding venue floor plan, I attach documents and specifications using the Dropbox integration. How do you keep busy outside of Wedding season? All year round, I work as a marketing assistant for a Swedish company selling products around the world. I’ve recently started using MeisterTask in that capacity too, introducing the task management tool to the rest of our team. This position is divided between the US and Sweden, so MeisterTasks  collaborative functions like the commenting feature and assigning tasks, make it much simpler to work across locations. Within the marketing and sales teams, we use G Suite alongside MeisterTask, for similar collaborative reasons. Using Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, Gmail, Hangouts and Calendar, we can all remain on the same page, regardless of where we’re based. With MeisterTask we particularly use the Google Drive attachment feature, ensuring that each task has all the information we need to proceed. In addition to shooting weddings, I’m also a portrait photographer. Lots of women have portraits taken for their partners as gifts, but the real aim is to make them feel confident and happy in their own skin. I also keep busy planning out my dreams for this year and next. For this, I have a MeisterTask Project for personal projects, listing all of my dreams and ideas. My ‘Dreams for 2018’ project includes what I’d like to get done and importantly, the steps I need to take to achieve this. This gives me a great space to note down ideas, whenever they pop into my head, whether at home or on the move, and keeps me focused on my goals. How does MeisterTask work for you, as a creative person? There’s just so much about it that makes work easier for me. I’m an organizer, but at the same time, being the creative type, I couldn’t really find a solution that I stuck to. I tried Excel spreadsheets, paper calendars, the calendar in my iPhone, notes on my iPhone, all of them combined! But I struggled a lot with both design and function. I’d tried Trello too but hadn’t got into the right workflow as I didn’t get along with the design, which affects my workflow a lot. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! So when I found MeisterTask and realized that it pretty much combines everything I needed, I was fixed. The design is so gorgeous and clean, I want to organize, I want to plan, I want to keep everything updated, I want to complete things! All of this is great for business and using the desktop application and the focus feature on tasks, I keep focused on work and undistracted from other browser tabs. Even when I’m away from my laptop, I can still do everything from my phone with the iOS app. As a result, I don’t miss out on anything because I haven’t got my calendar on me and if I get a request from a couple, I can check availability directly, give them an accurate answer and have them set up as a client within a couple of minutes. What are the next steps for your business? I’ve always worked alone as a Wedding photographer but I’m starting to get involved with projects that involve cooperating more with other photographers in Sweden â€" projects that I would never have considered  since the management would take too much time. However, since I’ve worked out a much better workflow with MeisterTask, although it sounds cliché, anything now feels possible! Huge thanks to Martina Lundborg for sharing her story and workflows with us. You can get in touch with Martina about her photography services, via her website: www.martinalundborg.se Project management made simple Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask

Impact Of A Mediated Society On Society - 1735 Words

Impact of a Mediated Society Mass media has a direct and enormous affect on the current society from pop culture gossip to education among schools. The media is not only present in the environment but goes to lengths to control and dictate the feelings and perceptions of the current generation. Given that technology constantly reaches kids at younger ages, the prevalent existence influences children at younger years as time passes. Living in a highly mediated society shapes the way people see themselves by setting unrealistic expectations for themselves in terms of achieving ‘perfection.’ In addition, the mediated society affects how people see each other. The media is always feeding the public the next ‘cool factor,’ and expects people†¦show more content†¦It changes the way we see ourselves, each other, and the way our lives are organized. One could argue that there are both positive and negative aspects to living in a highly mediated society. The first is that this current generation of media and technology gives an individual unbelievable access to knowledge and information. With just the click of a button, children, students, and adults can use countless search engines to view news articles and books. News reporting has evolved onto the internet with email subscriptions such as â€Å"The Skimm.† This subscription sends emails every weekday morning with current event, political, economic, and social updates. In addition, the media is also saturated with gossip columns that inform the public about current pop-culture topics such as the black and blue vs. white and gold dress scenario. This idea all started with a woman taking a picture of her dress and posting it on social media. In addition, one image was posted on the internet which started the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement. All in all, the technology that has evolved throughout the years not only is able to inform the public but can be looked at as a positive aspect of mass media . Ideas like these keep an individual not only informed, but educated. According to social activist and author, Bell Hooks, â€Å"pop-culture is where the learning is.† Without media and technology, would students be eager to read the newspaper, probably not. On the contrary to the

Restrictions on Free Speech in Malaysia - 2182 Words

Protecting Free Speech, by using Restrictions? It is undeniable that the citizens of Malaysia have been granted the freedom of speech, assembly and association, as stated in the Act 10 of the Federal Constitution. Quoted from the Federal Constitution, every citizen has the right to free expression and speech. However, freedom of speech is an issue which has been discussed and argued for a long time, not only in Malaysia but all around the world. It is discussed that how â€Å"free† a speech can be. Does freedom of speech mean that we can simply talk something bad about the ruler without any evidence? Liberty (2014) defines that the freedom of speech includes the right of every citizen in communicating and expressing in any medium, holding opinions, receiving information ideas and participating in demonstration and protest without the interference of the country or government. Although by judging solely from the definition, political expression which covers the matters of public interest seems acceptable, it is undeniable that under the Act 10 of the Federal Constitution, clause 2 has stated that the parliament can impose law to restrict the freedom of speech. Such restrictions are said to protect the security of Malaysia, privileges of Parliament and the public order. Besides, Art 10 (4) also stated that the law can restrict the questioning of any matter, status, privilege and sovereignty. InterNations (2014) has also explained that there are also limitations of civil freedomsShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Singapore And Malaysia Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesSingapore and Malaysia (henceforth referred to as DRC), are facing similar problems in their countries, although they are at different level of development. Singapore is ranked as world’s top 10 wealthiest countries, from rapid development since the late 1950s. 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Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management Free Essays

string(136) " many people soon left their line jobs, because of the unpleasant monotony of the work and the repeated increases in production quotas\." Fordism and Scientific Management are terms used to describe management that had application to practical situations with extremely dramatic effects. Fordism takes its name from the mass production units of Henry Ford, and is identified by an involved technical division of labour within companies and their production units. Other characteristics of Fordism include strong hierarchical control, with workers in a production line often restricted to the one single task, usually specialised and unskilled. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scientific management, on the other hand, â€Å"originated† through Fredrick Winslow Taylor in 1911, and in very basic terms described the one best way work could be done and that the best way to improve output was to improve the techniques or methods used by the workers. (Robbins p. 38) Many comparisons can be made between the two theories, such as the mechanisation, fragmentation and specialisation of work and that a lack of intellectual or skilled content will speed up the work at hand. Fordism’s mechanisation of mass production further emphasised many of Taylor†s popular beliefs about management being divorced from human affairs and emotions, using ‘humans as instruments or machines to be manipulated by their leaders† (Hersey p. 84). Fordism fused and emphasised the scientific methods to get things done by Ford†s successful mass-production processes. Contrasts also exist between the two theories. Fordism dehumanisied the worker whereas scientific management convinced the workers that their goals could be readily achieved along with their employers goals, therefore they should all work together in this direction. Fordism suited industrial companies participating in mass production, whereas Scientific Management could be used in many types of organisation. Large companies such as Ford Motors, The Reichskuratorium fur Wirtschaftkichkeit (RKW) in Germany examples these theories in practice. These theories of the past are lessons for the way modern organisations are run today. Managers now realise that they should treat their workers more democratically and since the mid-70†³s, sweeping changes in markets and technology have encouraged managers and manufacturers to use greater product diversity and more flexible methods of production. Movements towards a more flexible organisation have become apparent. Examples of orgainisations such as Nissan, NASA and Toyota serve as modern day examples of post-Fordism and depict movement towards a modified Scientific Management. Comparisons that can be made include Fordism’s mechanisation of mass production and Taylor†s attempts at using employees as machines. Taylor designed this using his principles of management that included developing a science for each element of work and finding the quickest way the job could be done. Henry Ford†s ideal types of Fordist production system included using fixed and dedicated machines in individuals work, rather than turning the employee into a machine. (Hollinshead 1995) With Taylor attempting to prove to the world that there was a science to management and that the quickest way was the best way, he attacked the incompetence of managers for their inefficiencies in running the railroads and factories. Using time and motion studies, Taylor achieved productivity increases of up to 200 per cent. (Dunphy, 1998, p. 4). His thoughts were echoed by others: during a 1910 Interstate Commerce Commission hearing, Louis D. Brandeis argued that US railroads could save a million dollars a day if they introduced scientific management into their operations (Oakes, 1996). Taylor showed the world that the methodical and scientific study of work could lead to improved efficiency. He believed that by defining clear guidelines for workers many improvements could be made to the production of goods. Fordism like Scientific Management in the newly mechanised industries of the early 20th century emphasised that efficiency came from precision in job design, clear division of responsibilities and tight policing of implementation (Taylor, 1911). Taylorism and Fordism were consistent with notions of the organisation as † a ‘military machine† first developed by Frederick the Great of Prussia, and later refined by Henri Fayol†. (Taplin, 1995, p. 430) Scientific Management encouraged firms to improve efficiency by analysing individual processes of industrial production and then recreating them to produce maximum output from any given size labor force. (Hudson, 1997) Ford’s production-line innovations compounded scientific management†s efficiencies into the economy. Taylor believed it would be best to scientifically select, train, teach and develop the workers. However, in contrast, Fordism was based on mass production using semi skilled workers who could be easily replaced. Fordism did not care for the workers to work as a team and to ‘Heartily co-operate †¦ to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of science† like Taylor†s ideas of scientific management did (Robbins,1997, p. 40). Although Fordism borrowed many scientific management ideas, it then advanced upon them to produce a new form of management that included management having hierarchical authority and technical control. Fordism enabled managers to regulate production and safeguard their own position within firms as well as meeting the efficiency criteria set by owners. The obvious efficiencies of Fordism and features that were responsible for the economic successes of this system, also caused problems. Fordism proved particularly suitable to manufacturing in a mass consumption economy, required only occasional innovation of new products and used machines that only made specific goods. Often, these were of low-quality, low-value, high-volume nature, and competition was price based. Low quality could easily become poor quality; workers were poorly motivated with resulting high labor turnover and absenteeism; and coordinating the flow of materials through production processes was difficult (Wood, 1993). Fordism led to massive increases in productivity in certain industries, but the human cost was significant. At one point Henry Ford’s assembly lines had an annual employee turnover of 380 per cent (Encarta, 1998). Fordism alienated workers and allowed no creativity. Where scientific management looked to divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers, Fordism was after minimum discretion between management and workers with fragmented work and minimal tasks for employees. Examining what happened at the Ford Motor Company supports these facts. In 1913 Ford began using monotonous assembly-line techniques in his plant. Although assembly-line techniques greatly increased productivity, many people soon left their line jobs, because of the unpleasant monotony of the work and the repeated increases in production quotas. You read "Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management" in category "Essay examples" This is something that contemporary management techniques have realised; it is beneficial for employees to become involved within their jobs and not expected to be machines. Ford partly overcame this problem by doubling the daily wage then standard in the industry with his famous offer of ‘$5 a day to workers who would put up with the alienated, regimented work conditions at Ford Motors† (Clark, 1997). One worker said, â€Å"You†ve got to work like hell at Ford†s†¦ You can†t let up. You†ve got to get out the production†¦ nd if you can†t get it out, you get out† (Rupert, 1997, p. 11) His results were increased stability in Fords labor force and a substantial reduction in operating costs. Then the Model T automobile was introduced in 1908. With the help of this model, Ford became America†s largest automobile producer and vendor. Nevertheless throughout the 1930s Ford began losing business to his competitors, mainly because they were slow introducing new models of automobiles every year. (Encarta, 1998) Scientific Management and Fordism created a new type of ‘revolution†. The promise of massive increases in productivity led to the following of Fords and Taylor†s models of management all over the world. Britain never had a scientific management movement like that in America, and the leading British engineering journals in the early 20th century revealed Taylorism receiving attention, much of it positive. Engineering became an unqualified supporter of scientific management, only The Engineer, a journal of engineering at the time, maintained sustained hostility to Taylorism declaring it was unfair and inhuman and not â€Å"sportsmanlike. The Engineer criticised the separation of workers thinking in their jobs from doing their jobs and described Taylorism as â€Å"scientific management gone mad. † (Whitson, 1997) Another organisation that followed both the American models of Taylor and Ford, was The Reichskuratorium fur Wirtschaftkichkeit (RKW) founded in 1921. This huge Berlin-based electro-technical and machine-constructing conglomerate strove to implement measures of industrial and organisational efficiency in Germany in the inter-war era. RKW†s aim was to â€Å"implement technical and organisational measures of industrial, and economic efficiency, an organization devoted to industry; efficiency, and production standardization. † (Shearer, 1997, p. 569) In modern times, firms have attempted to reconfigure work places and production systems using flat hierarchies and lean production systems in contrast to Scientific and Fordist management. Managers presume that these sorts of changes will enable firms to achieve flexibility, seen by many managers as essential to maintaining competitive advantage into and beyond the 21st Century. Flexible production systems opposing strict Fordist lines, made possible by these organisational changes and new technologies, permit shortened product development time. There is a new way of organising production and a departure from Fordism and all it contains. However, scientific management was used by Japanese automobile constructors in the 1970s when they began to compete using â€Å"fundamentally improved manufacturing processes that consistently produced vehicles of higher quality far faster than Detroit† (Oakes p. 569). Japan car manufacturers successfully decreased labour and production costs giving American Manufacturers a run for their money, Japans Toyota is an example that used Fordism as a base of new managerial processes. Another modern day example, which drew on these two management methods, was in space science. NASA developed a set of measures to assess if they were implementing their own strategies. NASA’s strategy, defined by the motto ‘cheaper, faster, better,† was to reduce the size and cost of space probes without eliminating any important missions. Figures show that the two missions to Mars launched in late 1996 were each one-fifth the real cost of previous Mars missions (under $200 million in 1996 dollars, as opposed to an average of $1 billion each for the previous eleven U. S. spacecraft launched for Mars)†. (Oakes, 1996, p. 589) Post-Fordism has been described as a â€Å"shift to the new information technologies;[a] more flexible, decentralized form of labour process and of targeting consumers by lifestyle taste and culture rather than by categories of social class†¦ as well as] a rise of the service and white-collar classes and the feminization of the workforce:† These are lessons managers have learnt and result in less rigidity and mechanisation and a reduction in the blue-collar masculine workforce. The firms that face the most difficulties in the new globalised marketplace are often those with labor intensive, standardised manufacturing processes. Companies emphasise that these new forms of work provide better jobs. For instance, Nissan projects an image of work as taking place in an empowering environment built around the themes of flexibility, quality and teamwork. In conclusion, both Fordism and Scientific Management share common themes yet also display some significant differences. They both encourage looking at the fastest way work can be completed and impose strict guidelines upon employees and their job descriptions. This has led to a great deal of dissatisfaction among employees in production lines with alienation and monotony of workers that encouraged a high turnover of employees at organisations that imposed these techniques. Henry Ford developed much of his conceptions upon Taylor†s ideas of scientific management. These theories imply that contemporary organisations and their managers should take into consideration the ideas of employees to avoid division. Managers today often see workers as multi-skilled and more involved in the process of production via teamwork, the reintegration of manual and mental labour, and the empowerment of production workers. Today†s mass production has seen technology wiping out many of the jobs once held by these employees. There is a movement towards a more flexible workplace in the wave of this new technology away from strict guidelines imposed upon workers and their job descriptions, they are now encouraged to learn about other areas of the workplace. Fordism and scientific management have greatly influenced our workplace today and their theories will continue to be built upon for years to come. How to cite Comparing Fordism and Scientific Management, Essay examples

1984 Essay Conclusion Example For Students

1984 Essay Conclusion Winston Smith, the main character, works in London, at the Ministry of Truth. London isa city in Airstrip One, a Province of Oceania. A government that goes by the name BigBrother has taken over the world. The Party with Big Brother as its leader rulesOceania, a state and one of the great powers of the world. Winston hates the life he livesunder the inflexible government and decides to write down his thoughts in a diary. Thisis considered a crime in Oceania and Winston knows that. And he knows one day he willbe discovered by the Thought Police. To keep the members of this party occupied, frequent two minute Hate Sessions areheld to accuse the enemies of the party such as Emmanuel Goldstein who questionedparty doctrines. Winston dreams of an pleasant country. A Golden country inwhich any form of expression is considered all right. The party discourages love,and makes any relationship with a party member impossible. Winston notices twopeople, OBrien a party leader, and a young girl by the name of Julia. Winston hatesJulia for being a part of The Party and yet he has an eye for her. She appears to be afaithful party member devoted to purity and Winston suspects that she may also be amember of the Thought Police. Winston shares his doubts about The Party with OBrien even though he realizedthat this may be very dangerous. The Parsons are Winstons neighbors. The Parsonchildren are members of the Spies, a party organization and Mr. Parson afellow employee is a dedicated party member who stupidly and blindly follows the partysdoctrine. Winston works at the Ministry of Truth. His assignment is the rewriting andfalsification of history so that it makes the party look better. Winston encounters Julia at work. She stumbles and when Winston tries to helpher she slips him a paper with I love you written on it. They have several encountersand finally manage to meet in privacy. Julia turns out to be a corrupt girl. They beginliving together. Winston and Julia visit OBrien and join the secret rebel Brotherhood. Except for the requirement to never see each other, they accept all terms of membership. Before long the fear that Winston had lived with for so long became a reality and theThought Police shows up at their house. The separate Winston and Julia. Winston isbeing held prisoner at the Ministry of Love. He finds out that OBrien has deceived him. Winston is tortured by OBrien in the infamous room 101 until he confesses to manycrimes he never committed. He is also being brain-washed so that he conforms to theparty doctrine. The ultimate torture is the use of rats that are caged and strapped over hisface to be released at any time. Winston had often dreamt of his mother and sister whowere eaten by rats. Once the Party is convinced that Winston is totally rehabilitated, he is set free. Hebegins drinking heavily. Nearing the end of the story, we are not quite sure whetherWinston has been brain-washed or not. Is he just pretending to have been completelycured by the Party or is he afraid to once again think of his thoughts of freedom? I believe George Orwell leaves the interpretation up to the reader. 1984 is afrightening novel. It gives the reader an a look into what might become of our world. Itlets us look at an ugly society where family and personal values are destroyed andreplaced by loyalty to Big Brother. BibliographynoneBo ok Reports